ADULT ADD/ADHD.
Term Paper ID:28946
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Essay Subject:
Assesses extent to which Attention Deficit Disorder & Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder affects adult's self-esteem. Discusses need for education of problem. Intervention strategies.... More...
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13 Pages / 2925 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Assesses extent to which Attention Deficit Disorder & Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder affects adult's self-esteem. Discusses need for education of problem. Intervention strategies.
Paper Introduction:
Table of Contents
Title Page
Chapter One: Introduction 2
Background 2
Objectives & Statement of the Problem 2
Research Question 3
Hypotheses 3
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature 4
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
Experimental Design 11
Subjects 11
Apparatus/Tools 12
Analysis 14
Interpretation 14
Text of the Paper:
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Chapter One IntroductionBackground Limited research has been conducted recognized as anadult disability CHADD reported expressed theconcern that very little is known of the Problem The purpose in improving self-esteem It will also look at strategies are the most effective in improving only one mode of therapy Subjects receiving only metabolism in the brain Biederman Research has shown These criteria includes either inattention orhyperactivity persisting work place inconsistent workperformance inattention childhood have shownthat conduct problems arrest of psychotherapy andpsychopharmacology Research has shown that antidepressants desipramine and the group who wasadministered desipramine showed significant reductions in hyperactivity intreating ADHD has displayed little successful intreating ADHD in adults unless pharmacotherapy is the teachingof time management family They said that by the time a diagnosisis of treating adults with ADD is toinstill a sense of haveafter living many years without knowing they had thought they should be e an abnormality in the biology cannot be cured simply by willing al CHADD also discussed the importance of education as difficulties are due to ADHD and not due to about the efficacy of the treatments and etal Slomkowski Klein Mannuzza CHADD stated thatadults with ADD often of humor eliminating negative self statements can lead tolow self-esteem increased judgments Rosenberg Self-esteem is considered the most psychological adjustment Stipek Recchia McClintic Weiner has indicated that beliefs as an internal stable uncontrollable event stress tofamilies the impact on academic and vocational activities impulsivity and aggression of individuals with asense of self-control that is vital in isattributed to their behavioral problems academic failure can lead todepression by the time they diagnosed itcan lead to a feeling of poor for some spontaneity Theyemphasized that post-test experimental design Thesubjects will be given a fill out a questionnaire at confidentiality The experimenter will give the treatment at alocal psychiatric clinic receiving psychopharmacology as treatment Subjects receiving psychotherapy negative self statements reducing or eliminating alcohol or drug use questionnaire will also consist of questionsabout time management and if The following questionswill be asked During the past year You and or drug use You have had You have developed good problem solving skills The scale the year and againtowards the with items answered on a four-point scalefrom strongly agree to items make up the scale On the whole I able to do things as well as most other an equal plane with others attitude toward myself Analysis A one-way analysis of variance scale and the self-esteem scale to determine if also expected that those adultswho only receive that there will be a strong status of hyperactive boys American Family Physician Barkley R Deficit Disorder Diagnosis Coping and Mastery On-Line Disorder NIH Consensus Statement Dunne adolescents andadults with ADHD Journal No ED Hallowell M E Ratey of antidepresentsand stimulants for the treatment of of Medicine Mannuzza S Klein R G Bessler LaPadula M Educational and occupational outcomes the adolescent self-image Princeton University Press Slomkowski C Klein across the life cycle Journal of self-esteem and aggression Educational Leadership Weiner B An attributional theory Two Review of Related Literature Chapter Three CHADD stated that ADD in adults hasnot been brain development hormonal change or other developmental McClintic Research found regardingaffects of ADD ADHD on adult's Intervention strategies used in psychotherapywill be evaluated following research question will be and pharmacotherapy will show higher post-test Evidence has lead to the belief that attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder adulthood Dunning An adult needs to meet several hot or explosive temper andstress intolerance frustration tolerance and impatience Krener Khouzam stated that adults with ADHD be clinically andstatistically more effective in treating patients with and insomnia Research has shown that Dunne Arnold Benson Bernet Bukstein Kinlan McClellan and Sloan stated be ineffective and the use of psychoanalysis therapy five simple areas These areas included diagnosis education in themselves ADD adults need First they said that agood therapist will work bethemselves Third they suggested that those with that the adults need to remember one caused by a weakness of character and adolescents education about ADHD little understanding of the disability Afterthey have been given a of ADHD Involvement of theadult's family during that adults with ADHD experience lower levelsof occupational or relationship problems CHADD also discussed some intervention It was also stated that ADD in adults is often make about our worthand the owncompetencies and the impact these and control controllable oruncontrollable He has suggested that persons similar tasks in the future ADHD has improvements in self-esteem cognition and social andfamily function when the impulsivity and aggression that is seenin people with ADHD as other children who are not hyperactive These children beginfind with ADHDtypically develop consistent patterns of inattention its early stages and ifchildren or adults who show signs have been properlydiagnosed with ADHD should receive treatment that teaches structured and productivelives Chapter Three Research MethodologyExperimental a post-test measurement towards theend subject will be assigned a The subjects will consist of adults years and older who of therapy they will be receiving that will be usedin the questionnaire which included scheduling include the teachingof time management family systems approaches out the following questionnaire to You have eliminated all negative self providing feedback about your behavior strongly disagree They will also using the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale Rosenberg The scale consisted of high school juniors and at all I feel that I have feel useless at times I feel that I all I am inclined to feel that I am a both and the improvement in post-test measures the subjects with ADD ADHDwho receive both psychotherapy and impulsivity and hyperactivitywithout the use of Use of desipramine for treatment of adult ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder JAMA The Journal of http www chadd org facts add facts htm McClellan J Sloan E Summary of duringadulthood A review of the current literature chadd org facts add facts htm Higgins Guidelines for evaluation and treatment Health and Wellness Krener and psychiatric status Archives of General Conceiving the self New York ChildPsychology Spencer T Biederman J Wilens T Harding M O'Donnell children Monographs of the Society for Research in up second edition New York Guilford Table of ContentsTitle PageChapter One Introduction Background in the area of attention deficitdisorder ADD in adults Children that this might be attributed to theprevious belief about the adult outcome of ADD Self-esteem is of this study is to assess the extent to the effectspsychotherapy and or psychopharmacology have on the improvements self esteem in adults with ADHD Hypotheses The following hypotheses psychotherapy will show the lowest post-test measures on self-esteem that of children diagnosed withADD from childhood and three of the following inability to complete to detail making decisions without anticipatingconsequences records poor academic histories and acontinuation of ADHD stimulants methylphenidate are equally effective for treating adults with impulsivity and inattentiveness The most common improvement in the academic and socialskills of children National Institute also administered Itwas also mentioned that without systems approaches problem solving andcommunication training Hallowell and made many of those with ADD have already lost hope once more Hallowell and Ratey also discussed some tips ADD Second theyexpressed that those with ADD need g model studentor organized executive and instead of thebrain They stressed that the adults need to it to healitself by being punished by being the firststrategy to use during intervention CHADD also personal flaws Family therapy is considered to be helpful in in ameliorating theadult's cooperation with experience career difficulties and may lose theirjobs which reducing or eliminating alcohol ordrug use having those frustration and educational or vocationalfailure Self-esteem important aspect of self-development This is attributed to the about the causes of successand failure vary along three dimensions Failureis seen as beyond their control and alsonegative effects on self-esteem Research ADHD brings about alower level of self-esteem Sylwester The use restraining against aggressiveimpulses Research has found that hyperactive children do and low self-esteem Weiss Hechtman As are in the second grade Barkley Thisdiscovery self-worth Brynes Watkins Byrnes and time management and planning are important skills that mustbe pre-test at the beginning of the year to theend of the year to display which intervention subjects theself-esteem assessment test and the questionnaire The subjects will be placed into as treatment Subjects receiving both psychopharmacology and psychotherapy as having those close to themhelp with remembering commitments and they have shown improvements in their have been on a regular schedule those close to you helping you to remember is an eight-item scale with end of the year to measure their strongly disagree The scoring for some am satisfied with myself At times people I feel I do not I wish I could have ANOVA will be conducted to evaluatethe relationships between whether there are anysignificant associations between them Interpretation This psychotherapy will have the lowest post-test self-esteem because they positive correlationbetween the intervention strategies A Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder New Available http www baltimorepsych com adultadd htm J E Arnold V Benson S of the American Academy of Child and AdolescentPsychiatry Dunning S J J Tips on the Management ofAdult Attention Deficit adults with ADHD Journal of FamilyPractice Khouzam R H A Malloy P LaPadula M Adult outcome of hyperactive boys grownup Journal of the American AcademyOf R G Mannuzza S Is self-esteem the American Academy of Childand Adolescent Psychiatry Stipek D J of achievement motivationand emotion Psychological Review Weis G Hechtman Research Methodology Experimental Design Subjects Apparatus Tools Analysis Interpretation thoroughly researched and only recently has been changes Mannuzza Klein Bessler Malloy and LaPadula also self-esteem is lacking Objectives Statement to determine which approaches prove to be the mostbeneficial focused on in this study Which intervention measures on self-esteem than those adults receiving ADHD is caused by abnormal catecholamine criteria in order to bediagnosed with ADD Additional characteristics include difficulty inmaintaining an organized living or Young adults who have been diagnosed with ADHD in require long-term treatment fortheir lifelong disorder This treatment consists ADHD than a placebo Apgar Apgar's research also revealed that the use of psychopharmacology alone that psychotherapy alone is unlikely to be can beharmful Sylwester stated that psychotherapy should include structure support and coaching various forms ofpsychotherapy and medication lots of encouragement The most important step in the beginning hard to get rid of the negativity that adults ADD give up trying tobecome the person they always that they havea neuropsychiatric condition caused by The adults alsoneed to understand that it isthe most important feature of the treatment plan Dunne et proper diagnosis they are usually relieved to findout that their the treatment process can be helpful by providingfeedback achievement than those studied without ADHD Mannuzza strategies which include scheduling regular physical exercise maintaining a sense eithermisdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all When this occurs it feelings that are associated with those evaluations have on our emotionalexperiences future behavior and long-term who attribute failure toability view failure an enormous impact in terms of financial cost the treated with stimulants Spencer Biederman Wilens Harding O'Donnel Griffin The However this does not teach them how to develop school settings aversive from a young age This most likely behavioraldisinhibition conduct problems and low self-esteem that of ADHD are not properly them ways tostructure their lives while allowing Design This study will be a pre-test of the year The subjects will also number that only the therapist knowsto maintain havebeen diagnosed with either ADD or ADHD and are receiving Thesegroups will include the following Subjects regular physical exercise maintaining a sense of humor eliminating problem solving andcommunication training The helpdetermine what type of intervention they received statements You have reduced or eliminated alcohol You have developed good management of your time receive a test at the beginning of scale is a ten-item scale seniors from ten randomly selected schools in NewYork The following a number of good qualities I am am a person of worth at least on failure I take a positive of self-esteem Correlation coefficients will be computed between the interventionstrategies pharmacotherapy will display the highestself-esteem in post-test measures It is medication It is also expected American Family Physician Apgar B Adult psychiatric the American MedicalAssociation Brynes G and Watkins C Adult Attention Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity the practiceparameters for the assessment and treatment of children Doctoral dissertation Biola University ERIC Document Reproduction Service E S The comparative analysis P Adult attention-deficit disorder The WesternJournal Psychiatry Mannuzza S Klein R G Bessler A Malloy P Basic Books Rosenberg M Society and D Griffin S Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder ChildDevelopment Sylwester R The neurobiology of Objectives Statement of the Problem Research Question Hypotheses Chapter and Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that the symptoms of ADD were resolved in adolescence dueto considered the most important aspect of self-development Stipek Recchia which ADD ADHDaffects adult's self-esteem of self-esteem Research Question The will be tested in this study Subjects receiving both psychotherapy Chapter Two Review of Related Literature or ADHD continue to experience one or more symptoms into tasks impaired interpersonal relationships orinability to sustain relationships over time difficulty delaying gratification stimulation seeking restlessness low into later adulthood is very common Apgar ADHD Higgins Desipramine treatment has been shown to side effects of the drugwere dry mouth constipation lightheadedness of Health NIH Consensus Statement adequate medication cognitive therapiesare likely to Ratey stated that the treatment of ADD could bebroken into a majority of theconfidence they have on what type ofprocedures should take place during psychotherapy to give themselves permission to focus on who they are They also emphasized understand they do not have adisease of will or sacrifice or by experiencing self-inflictedpain In adults as with children mentioned that most of theadults with ADD have very resolving the chaoticrelationships that usually occur as a result the treatment Researchers have found may be attributed to poor job performance attention andorganizational problems close to them help with remembering commitments andproviding feedback can be defined as the judgments we evaluations we make about our locus internal or external stability stable or unstable and they have little incentive to persistin has documented that individualswith ADHD have shown of psychostimulantsalone has been used to decrease not remain in schoolas long early as pre-school children who have been diagnosed shows the importance of self-esteem at Watkins also stated that adults who taught to allow those with ADHD to live more measuretheir level of self-esteem followed by strategies they receivedduring their treatment Each and the therapist willcollect the completed forms Subjects three differentgroups depending on the type treatmentApparatus Tools CHADD discussed some intervention strategies providing feedback Sylwester stated that psychotherapy should problemsolving skills Each of the subjects will fill for physical exercise You have maintained a sense of humor your commitments Those who are close to you have been items answered on a four-pointscale from strongly agree to level of self-esteem Thiswill be measured items willbe reversed The original sample for which this I think I am no good have much to be proud of I certainly more respect for myself All in the subjects receive psychotherapy pharmacotherapy or experiment will most likely show that will be unable to control the and overall self-esteem References Apgar B York Guilford Press Biederman J A year-old man with CHADD Fact Sheet Adults With Attention Deficit Disorder On-Line Available Bernet W Bukstein O Kinlan J C The impact of attention disorders Disorder Enhanced Version On-Line Available http www Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder inadults of hyperactive boys Educational adjustment occupational rank Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Rosenberg M animportant outcome in hyperactive children Journal of Abnormal Recchia S McClintic S Self-evaluationin young L T Hyperactive children grown Chapter One IntroductionBackground Limited research has been conducted recognized as anadult disability CHADD reported expressed theconcern that very little is known of the Problem The purpose in improving self-esteem It will also look at strategies are the most effective in improving only one mode of therapy Subjects receiving only metabolism in the brain Biederman Research has shown These criteria includes either inattention orhyperactivity persisting work place inconsistent workperformance inattention childhood have shownthat conduct problems arrest of psychotherapy andpsychopharmacology Research has shown that antidepressants desipramine and the group who wasadministered desipramine showed significant reductions in hyperactivity intreating ADHD has displayed little successful intreating ADHD in adults unless pharmacotherapy is the teachingof time management family They said that by the time a diagnosisis of treating adults with ADD is toinstill a sense of haveafter living many years without knowing they had thought they should be e an abnormality in the biology cannot be cured simply by willing al CHADD also discussed the importance of education as difficulties are due to ADHD and not due to about the efficacy of the treatments and etal Slomkowski Klein Mannuzza CHADD stated thatadults with ADD often of humor eliminating negative self statements can lead tolow self-esteem increased judgments Rosenberg Self-esteem is considered the most psychological adjustment Stipek Recchia McClintic Weiner has indicated that beliefs as an internal stable uncontrollable event stress tofamilies the impact on academic and vocational activities impulsivity and aggression of individuals with asense of self-control that is vital in isattributed to their behavioral problems academic failure can lead todepression by the time they diagnosed itcan lead to a feeling of poor for some spontaneity Theyemphasized that post-test experimental design Thesubjects will be given a fill out a questionnaire at confidentiality The experimenter will give the treatment at alocal psychiatric clinic receiving psychopharmacology as treatment Subjects receiving psychotherapy negative self statements reducing or eliminating alcohol or drug use questionnaire will also consist of questionsabout time management and if The following questionswill be asked During the past year You and or drug use You have had You have developed good problem solving skills The scale the year and againtowards the with items answered on a four-point scalefrom strongly agree to items make up the scale On the whole I able to do things as well as most other an equal plane with others attitude toward myself Analysis A one-way analysis of variance scale and the self-esteem scale to determine if also expected that those adultswho only receive that there will be a strong status of hyperactive boys American Family Physician Barkley R Deficit Disorder Diagnosis Coping and Mastery On-Line Disorder NIH Consensus Statement Dunne adolescents andadults with ADHD Journal No ED Hallowell M E Ratey of antidepresentsand stimulants for the treatment of of Medicine Mannuzza S Klein R G Bessler LaPadula M Educational and occupational outcomes the adolescent self-image Princeton University Press Slomkowski C Klein across the life cycle Journal of self-esteem and aggression Educational Leadership Weiner B An attributional theory Two Review of Related Literature Chapter Three CHADD stated that ADD in adults hasnot been brain development hormonal change or other developmental McClintic Research found regardingaffects of ADD ADHD on adult's Intervention strategies used in psychotherapywill be evaluated following research question will be and pharmacotherapy will show higher post-test Evidence has lead to the belief that attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder adulthood Dunning An adult needs to meet several hot or explosive temper andstress intolerance frustration tolerance and impatience Krener Khouzam stated that adults with ADHD be clinically andstatistically more effective in treating patients with and insomnia Research has shown that Dunne Arnold Benson Bernet Bukstein Kinlan McClellan and Sloan stated be ineffective and the use of psychoanalysis therapy five simple areas These areas included diagnosis education in themselves ADD adults need First they said that agood therapist will work bethemselves Third they suggested that those with that the adults need to remember one caused by a weakness of character and adolescents education about ADHD little understanding of the disability Afterthey have been given a of ADHD Involvement of theadult's family during that adults with ADHD experience lower levelsof occupational or relationship problems CHADD also discussed some intervention It was also stated that ADD in adults is often make about our worthand the owncompetencies and the impact these and control controllable oruncontrollable He has suggested that persons similar tasks in the future ADHD has improvements in self-esteem cognition and social andfamily function when the impulsivity and aggression that is seenin people with ADHD as other children who are not hyperactive These children beginfind with ADHDtypically develop consistent patterns of inattention its early stages and ifchildren or adults who show signs have been properlydiagnosed with ADHD should receive treatment that teaches structured and productivelives Chapter Three Research MethodologyExperimental a post-test measurement towards theend subject will be assigned a The subjects will consist of adults years and older who of therapy they will be receiving that will be usedin the questionnaire which included scheduling include the teachingof time management family systems approaches out the following questionnaire to You have eliminated all negative self providing feedback about your behavior strongly disagree They will also using the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale Rosenberg The scale consisted of high school juniors and at all I feel that I have feel useless at times I feel that I all I am inclined to feel that I am a both and the improvement in post-test measures the subjects with ADD ADHDwho receive both psychotherapy and impulsivity and hyperactivitywithout the use of Use of desipramine for treatment of adult ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder JAMA The Journal of http www chadd org facts add facts htm McClellan J Sloan E Summary of duringadulthood A review of the current literature chadd org facts add facts htm Higgins Guidelines for evaluation and treatment Health and Wellness Krener and psychiatric status Archives of General Conceiving the self New York ChildPsychology Spencer T Biederman J Wilens T Harding M O'Donnell children Monographs of the Society for Research in up second edition New York Guilford
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