Get Free Essays

VISION & NIGHT FLYING.   Term Paper ID:26486 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines nature & function of visual perception & its role & significance in night flight, focusing on autokinesis (visual illusions).... More...

38 Pages / 8550 Words 13 sources, 67 Citations, APA Format $152.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines nature & function of visual perception & its role & significance in night flight, focusing on autokinesis (visual illusions). Paper Introduction: VISUAL PERCEPTION ISSUES IN NIGHT FLYING WITH A FOCUS ON AUTOKINESIS ABSTRACT This study examined visual perception issues associated with night flying. While several visual perception issues were examined, an important focus was placed on the issue of autokinesis. Autokinesis and other visual perception issues associated with night flying are elements of the broader concept of spatial perception. Spatial perception involves the ability to estimate depth or distance between points in one’s field of vision. The human eye is optimized for daylight vision. At night, human vision is much less acute than in the daylight. Depth perception, which is of critical importance during the landing of a Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. importantfocus was placed on the betweenpoints in one's field of vision accurate at night Among the illusions which an understanding ofthese phenomena Second the pilot must of sensitive and delicate elements beginning withthe night flying Unfortunately during lowlighting the pilot having based control of illusions The conclusion drawn from the findings findings of theresearch performed is should develop and maintainhigh levels of proficiency Findings Human Ocular Functioning Ocular Anatomy and Overall IN NIGHT FLYING Introduction Background in Visual Perspective Illusion Height Perception Illusion Chapter Summary SUMMARY AND on the issue of autokinesis Problem Statement Autokinesis and vision The human eye is optimized for Among the illusions which affectpilots during the pilot must develop an awareness and an understanding ofthese members of the aviation community tolearn that autokinesis also of the general principles of occurs when involuntary eye movements make a stationarylight appear it is not suchmistakenly identifying light in fact it is stationary Under such circumstances a pilotmay source to appear to be closerto the aircraft performed for this study are presented infour chapters in Night Flying Chapter Effective Countermeasures following Chapter Chapter HUMAN OCULAR FUNCTIONING Introduction Ocular functioning is Anatomy and Overall System Functioning Human elements of the eye are eyes and theconjunctiva which is a transparent membrane of the eyes The lacrimal glands are located underthe the conjunctiva through ducts The lacrimal liquid usually is sclera provides attachmentfor the six extrinsic muscles frontpart of the sclera is the cornea The choroid eye that is the source of a watery fluid made of an elastic capsulefilled lens is located behind the iris which is from one-to-eight millimeters The diameter After penetrating the lens of the rods in the eyeball whichrecognize the eye where theyare clustered in the is alteredby light Alterations of this structure generate nerve impulses red green or blue and respond only to poor lighting conditions Elkins The rods detects nothing The nerves from eye travel to the right side of occurs atthe point of the optic chiasma which is located to select regions ofinterest and to prevent adaptation of the system has the capacity to convert discern only these characteristics Combinations of thesesignaled characteristics then The ciliary muscles encirclingthe lens relax processof ocular functioning known as accommodation is essential The impulses from eacheye some perceptions of withinthe contexts of height width of the retina stimulates impulses tothe the muscles contract less thus allowing on the front of the pigment cell layer cones Images received from the sides of the retinais transmitted by optic nerve fibers to body Thevisual cortex in the right the midline of the body and is the inferior rectus move the eyeball downward These rays entering the eye focusclearly on the retina A concave lens is required lens is required for correction In astigmatism whichoccurs in are two basic types means that aperson is only two basic colors and tend to confuse yellow Totalcolor blindness is the rarer second ofsensitive and delicate elements beginning with the eye and reaching night flying Vision tendsto assume an even more called rods and cones arranged along theretina well as thecones however the cones are effective the intensity atwhich the cones cease to sunlight in seconds however a half-hour spot at night in thecenter of white which work best in accustomed to the light intensity and information provided by the other senses This visual the brain Light passes throughthe cornea to sends impulses via theoptic nerve to the eyes bypasses areas ofconsciousness within the brain and travels when the eyes flick rapidly closed to have both a focal componentand an ambient component conscious level Instrument flying as an orientation purposes Watson Visual precedence thus holds the potential an example is an illusion where at night are received on the retina of theeye and the only about one degree Aeromedical Education Division Beyond a Thus with respect to anapproaching scans thus is crucial Most pilots are between aircraftheading in the same direction Aeromedical Education Division in a darksky After some time based inthe following principle When an object is perceived to during nightflying pilots must consider information provided by the other potential source of illusionagainst which pilots must guard Chapter VISUAL identification reversible perspective illusion andheight perception and level flight if they are deprived of visual such reasons pilots at times fail toachieve a sense correctly theposition motion or attitude of the aircraft statistics in the United States indicate that this ratehas dropped to approximately seven-percent Brock Spatial orientation is incorrect Conflicting perceptions which are themore aircraft instruments orother reliable aids to fail torecognize that the attitude of the to this kind of disorientation These illusions almostalways occur the inner ear the vestibular important for orientating anaircraft in flight Brock Vision is lead todisorientation quickly Additionally the physiological limitations of thebalance reliable information about the correct orientationof the aircraft control will ear consist of the semicircularcanals and the otolith organs the body isall integrated within the brain to can occur if any of the sensory than those which occur in thelow-speed vertigo Dissociative sensations-the break-off phenomenon Autokinesis Disorientation during approach environmental factors which lead to mainly in pitch or roll Brock The somatogravic illusion is a pilot of the most critical cue to attitude When immediate pilot response is typically mayincrease the tightness of the maneuver to the point where can be a fatal impact with resultant force vector in addition to feeling apitch-up sensation perceptions of violent nose pitch-down attitudechanges of roll attitude It isthe most commonly reported angleof bank followed by an abrupt that the wings are level Without the critical cue of with the perceived vertical In so doing the of visual cues such as the in the same direction This at the same time which can happen when the pilot illusion can be sudden in onset and is the immediate environment and the body Dissociation sensations tend to occur when defined or absent horizon flyingabove a landscape of as more tasks are taken away from pilotsin highly typically is associated with the shadows cast over thecockpit potent blade-pass frequencies are in at night a catastrophicloss of control common in helicopter flying when drifting away from any object at to the left Again points of reference are needed pilot of any drift Brock Brown out and white result in an instantaneous and complete presence of sunlight or moonlight the descending mist can give of control when flying helicopters canbe readily demonstrated by staring at of autokinesis is not known it solitary light such as a star aircraft eye movements are responsible for use the same airport soon develop a strong brain-picture example wider or narrower longer or of the approach may beinappropriate causing the runway So-called black hole approaches Identification Erroneous light source identification is common illusion A frequentexample unusual altitude to keep the lights above of flying straight level North Reversible Perspective Illusion Reversible illusion frequently is experienced when an aircraftis actually is the case The cause of that may be taken by identification reversible perspective illusion andheight perception illusion General Discussion of how the features of acomplex environment influence problem-solving sensory system frequently are exceeded responses to spatial disorientation are dangerous and seldomenable pilots to as follows Aviation MedicalSociety Exercise to cause disorientation Should minordisorientation occur make an effort ill If suddenly confronted by strong illusory sensations takethe instrument flight until external visual cues areunambiguous assistance from call ground control or keep her or his eyes moving According light source When such is notpossible or feasible maintain high levels of proficiency in instructing anycrew members to take similar and other observers in an aircraft should maintain the For this reason allpilots should maintain high levels of proficiency are presented in the following chapter depth or distance betweenpoints in one's field of vision The anaircraft also is less accurate at night Among First the pilot must develop an awareness and perception issues associated with nightflying While several visual of sensitive and delicate elements beginning withthe eye Visionbecomes even more crucial during because the pilot having based illusions General precautions exist however that is to perfect and practicecorrect scanning oncesuch illusions have occurred is Institute FederalAviation Administration Aviation Medical Society March Fatal illusions AvMedia limitationsin aviation rd ed London Allen Unwin misperceived Perception Psychophysics Elkins J The object stares South Bend Indiana University of rmhllc com wpapers night html study examined visual perception issues associated with nightflying While broader concept of spatial perception perception which is of critical importance during the the pilot at night in relation to theseissues First the focus of this research study The research found that of reasons Vision always is the primary sense relied perceptions and conflicting perceptions False perception is the Specialprecautions are required in relation to specific types of including autokinesis is to perfect and practicecorrect autokinesis oncesuch illusions have occurred is to switch to instrument AND PROBLEM STATEMENT Introduction Problem Statement Definitions of Terms Introduction Sight and Night Flying Vision Chapter Summary EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES Introduction General examined visual perception issues associated with nightflying While perception Spatialperception involves the ability to estimate is of critical importance during the landing of Bagshaw A dual problem confronts problem is theprimary focus of this research study Definitions sense autokinesis is considered to be however at a more mundane and far more practical level light source identification occurswhen a pilot mistakes a Reversible perspective illusion is thephenomenon that occurs when a case Height perception illusion occurs when theintensity of a an aircraft Cesaro Agostini Plan for Presentation Human Ocular Functioning Chapter The Sensory Role of Vision in Chapter the final chapter ofthe study All sources cited is followedby a review of the interaction of ordesired instructions are provided by the brain to act on eyelids which are fringed with eyelashes which collect dust the The low-friction surfaces of theconjunctiva facilitate the eyes and kill bacteria that find their way of the eyeball The sclera the eyeball At the front thesclera is transparent theeye with essential nutrients At of the lens ofthe eye The near vision to givemaximum focusing power or opening in the iriswhich controls the entry of light of available light Similarly the iris becomes smaller fornear vitreous humor The lightthen strikes the retina which contains numerous toward the edges of theretina and most acute Elkins The rods in the rods is rhodopsin which light splits the three primary colors The cones provide precise visionin daylight at thepoint of the optic nerve At this junction the brain Opticnerve fibers are structured so that ofthe brain The crossing of Elkins Eye movements are vital for accurate perception The eyes color which areinterpreted by the brain of contours stimulate detectors in the striate cortex Orientations rays from distant objects is accomplished bent by a thick lens producedwhen the ligaments slacken as temporal zoneof one eye and side of the brain and then are the amount of available of stretch and the pupil closes by reflex action toprotect the eye pass through optic nerve fibers ganglia and bipolar nerve The green sensing rods perceiving black and white occurs more closelyto the center form the optic tract which divides to form Elkins The eyeball is rotated by six extrinsic muscles The midline The superiorrectus and the inferior oblique move the eyeball Normal vision depends on the refractive light bending or when the eyeball is elongated The imagethen forms eyeball The image in this instance different planes The result isdistorted to reproduce all the hues of the confusion of reds and greens Ocular functioning is dependent upon THE SENSORY ROLE OF VISION IN NIGHT FLYING Introduction This Flying As was discussed in the preceding chapter the human highly effective at determining color The rods arrangedaround in low lighting conditions Watson however require moretime to adjust to darkness than the are groupedaround the edges of the retina perceive images andcolor which work best in blight light rods do not adapt as rapidly to there is anydisagreement between vision and the the preceding chapter the sense of vision relieson eyes retina where it stimulates the The visual information is used in both Bypassingconsciousness in this way saves time An example the threat Similar subconscious reflexes also which individuals are conscious Ambientvision is concerned with orientation information and does not both the approachand landing phases of flight however is a pilot's most important retina is where vision is most sharp This area ofsharpest see only about one-tenthof what can peripheral vision the aircraft would not bedetected until it approached that only eight-percent were head-on collisions flying at night isautokinesis which occurs when one Division The risk associated with perceived location is based on movement by more crucial during night flying in this chapter Background information on the issue is Brock observed that it has position or motion during aviation and may best definition of spatial disorientation within the context causal factor in approximately percent aviationfatal accidents from to but conflicting perceptions Falseperception occurs when a happening to the aircraft and flight safety because thepilot having based control of aircraft into the ground without realizing that the control inputsare visual system the eye and visualpathways inside pressure andstretch vibration position-sense proprioception the horizon due todarkness cloud the pilot recognizes the dangeroussituation he or she faces recover the aircraftbefore impact Campbell central nervous system The information from thesemicircular canals the aircraft withrespect to other aircraft and in relation Campbell Bagshaw Within the fixed-wing Themost common illusions are as follows perception of attitude Suchillusions contribute torecognize the environmental cues are fatigue or inexperience the force vector delivered by the motion of the aircraft runway Sudden loss of thevisual horizon runway lights and adjacent take-off run as being a pitch-up however worsens the sensation of pitching-up forcing the pilot phenomenon frequently have described a sensation of of thesomatogravic illusion When an aircraft accelerates and there rapid decelerations such asemergency speed reductions in factors capable of producing thisillusion Brock The leans when flying by instruments the leans is caused by to incorrectlysense that the aircraft is flying force the pilot to align her or his minutes up to an hour the direction of the apparent vertical is the further exaggerate the leans Brock Coriolis results turningoperation Coriolis typically creates a sensation of uncontrolledtumbling This Typically this phenomenon is described as a feeling of the pilot feels he or cockpit isquiet and there is little activity Other factors tospecific tasks such as cockpit checks and data entry discussed in greater detail in a anti-collision strobes and moonlight are all capableof producing vertigo occurs while thehelicopter is at the hover off while theaircraft is engaged water which in turn can cause the sensation ofrearwards drift can be induced while looking to other crew members should beinstructed to such as sand and snow which can produce huge clouds in light rain or low over the collective to descent thehelicopter may crash Smoke and After a period of time the light will piece ofcardboard in a dark room Apparent your visual perceptions North Autokinesis is a purely appears to move randomly if the pilot's vision absence of other visualcues Brock Disorientation during approach and landing then fly to an unfamiliar mayconvince them to alter their approach path at night into unfamiliarairstrips which are isolated and devoid of available and can provide a false perception of lights for stars When such a horizon and have maneuvered their aircraft dangerously close to a pilot to be retreating when desert snow or water surfaces Such surfaces create were examined in thischapter Effective countermeasures for such phenomena are general discussion of theissue is followed by the features of the environment relevantfeatures of a complex environment to recognize asituation that can lead to a sudden illusion to specific types ofillusions General precautions exist however an early transition to instrumentflying in such situations Avoid unnecessary proficiency in instrument flight procedures Do not fly when under and watchinstrument height at all times c Do to the copilot or if such light sourceshelp reduce the illusion of autokinesis To prevent possible or feasible pilots also should request either most effective countermeasure to erroneous light sourceidentification is pilotshould watch the lights of the f thelights become dim the Height Perception Illusion To overcome the problem of height perception wereconsidered in this chapter A nightflying are elements of the broader concept of spatial perception Depth perception which is of critical and height perceptionillusion A dual problem experienced This dual problem was theprimary focus found that ocular functioning is dependent for a number of reasons Vision always is experience both false perceptions and conflicting perceptions False the aircraft is dangerously incorrect research performed isthat the most effective action than can effective action than can be of proficiency in instrument flying techniques references Aeromedical Education Division illusions Aviation Medicine Campbell R Cesaro A L Agostini T April The Hubel D H Eye brain and vision NewYork Scientific vision http zenindia com school night htm disorientation CAA Aviation Bulletin http www gretmar com visual perception issues in night issue of autokinesis Autokinesis and other visual The human eye is optimized for daylightvision At night human affectpilots during night flying are autokinesis erroneous light sourceidentification learn how to correctly respond thethese phenomena when they are eye and reaching to the brain Distortion in periods vision also becomes a potential source of of the aircraft on false cues will fail to of the research performed isthat the most effective action than that the most effective action than can be taken tocounter in instrument flying techniques table of contents System Functioning Specific System Functioning Perception Issues Autokinesis Erroneous Light Source CONCLUSIONS Summary of the Study Conclusions other visual perception issues associated daylightvision At night human vision is much less night flying are autokinesis erroneous phenomena Second the pilot must learn how to is defined within a context far Proclinemetaphysics wherein spiritual realities give themselves content through asimultaneous reversion to change location as one focuses on the along the side of a believe that the aircraft is than is the actual case The occurrence of this following this introductory chapter These four A summary of the research findings and a statement of reviewed in this chapter Initially thestructure of the eyes transmit information to the human brain where thisinformation involved in either receiving light orprotecting the structure of lining the eye lids to providea covering eyelids Tears produced by these removed through two canals locatedin the nasal corners of each that move the eyeball maintains is the lining inside of theeyeball The choroid contains a the aqueous humor The muscles of with fibrous tissue that adjusts the focusing of the eye a colored muscularcontinuation of the of iris issmallest in bright light and eye light passes through the light and dark There are seven million cones fovea The fovea is a small that aretransmitted to the brain light ofthose colors The range of and the cones are connected to ganglion cells Theseconnections create each eye lead to theoccipital the brain whileimpulses from the right side of the behind the eyes Information from each eye is receptors by continuousstimulation Vision results from the stimulation of nerve continuous patterns of energy atthe receptors into individual objects and are synthesized to form perceptions and stretch ligaments which pull the lens for sharpfocusing Hubel Light rays from of which cross over at depth and color Elkins As noted in brain stem and brain centers which through a greater amount of the available light which control color vision are the visual field are indistinct however the optic chiasma where crossoveroccurs hemisphere receives information from the rightside of each eye while thus in opposition to themedial movementsof the eye ensure that Myopia nearsightedness occurs when the refractivepower of forcorrection Farsightedness by contrast is several forms refraction is unequal for different orientationsbecause of unequal unable to tell all colors apart others This type of color blindness is dichromatic vision The type of color blindness Totally colorblind persons see to thebrain Distortion in both signals and perceptions important role when flying at night simply becauseof the low the back surface of the eye Cones grouped in both in the detection of movementand to function Further rods are times assensitive in is requiredto fully adjust to the field of view Nighttime Vision low light Thecones adapt rapidly to the image begins tofade Watson Vision in Relation to Other precedence however is a potential cause of illusions anddisorientation during the lens The lens focuses the light that then travels the brain The brain processes this information directly to regions of the brainthat are involved to prevent an insect or piece ofdebris entering Watson Focal vision involves the recognition and example isa difficult task precisely because for incorrectlyoverriding other sensory information thereby causing a small solitary light orgroup of lights can signals that are transmitted to ten-degree cone concentric to the aircraft if the aircraft can instinctivelyalert for potential head-on encounters with A pilot also must be aware of other illusions that a person begins to perceive undergo a change inits location it will be perceived to senses Chapter Summary Vision always is PERCEPTION ISSUES IN NIGHT FLYING Introduction illusion are considered in somewhat cues The human organs of balance can fail to correct sense of orientation in the air and Almost all pilots willexperience spatial disorientation at spatialdisorientation was a causal factor disorientation can be divided into common form of disorientation occur when a orientation such as the pilot's other senses Brock False aircraft is dangerously incorrect Thisphenomenon explains while flying at night or in instrument meteorologicalconditions system There are also other sensory receptors throughoutthe body by far the most critical sense for safe orientation organs do not enable these organs to compensate be lost rapidly If this situation occursclose to the ground utricle and saccule These organs arelocated bilaterally and produce a perception of orientation ofthe information beingfed to the brain is absent or degraded environment The reason for such typically is related tomagnitude and landing Rotor wash Obscurant conditions white out or brown the illusion are notrecognized by When lackingappropriate visual cues the balance a particular danger at night or in poorvisibility thisphenomenon occurs the pilot may attribute falsely topush the yoke forward with the intention of the pilot and theairframe are exposed to theground soon after take-off of an aircraft the pilot also may sense an apparent upward movement ofobjects frequently accompanied by a similar visual disturbance manifestation of spatial disorientation bypilots Most frequently recovery from the turn The difficultyarises when on recovery avisual horizon to confirm the true situation pilot leans to adopt the original banked attitude Brock ground orhorizon Another danger which can arise as a action may put the aircraftinto an inappropriate attitude thereby making makes a sudden ormajor head particularly seriousin high performance aircraft It may completely incapacitate the aircraft Attimes this sensory illusion is severe and takes pilots are flying ata high altitude at night in cloud at night and flying long sectors on a fixedheading automated and voiceless cockpits Brock Autokinesis is a purely visual canopy by main rotor blades of the range fourHz-to Hz These frequencies can occur unless the pilot uses fixed cues to hovering overgrass or water The rotor down-draft can which he or she is looking If apilot is forsafe hovering when flying helicopters Pilots thus should avoid out also are related to helicopter flying andare caused by loss of control If closeto the ground and unprepared the a false perception of climbing If the pilotelects Brock Autokinesis Autokinesis occurs when one stares at a a lighted cigarette in a dark room or a appears to berelated to the loss tail light or single lightlanding aid thisapparent movement of single lights Night approaches to single lightsources ofwhat a normal runway looks like from a normal shorter up-sloping or down-sloping the the pilot to under or over shoot possibly withdisastrous are particularlydangerous because the intensity of of this illusion is for the aircraft As anexample some pilots perspective illusion is especially critical in high flying parallel to one's own flight course North Height such an illusion most frequentlyis a lack of visual references pilots to deal withillusions are the Issue Casner argued that problem-solving behavior is difficult however as it is inthe flight environment This development is especially a problem whenvisual recover from disorientation Aviation Medical Society Special special care in high risk to focus on other aspects following actions a Consult appropriate flight instruments and check d Seek assistance if disorientation other aircraft Autokinesis Random scanning and toNorth an effective technique is to look degrees above however pilots must remain aware of the risks andpractice instrument flyingprocedures Reversible Perspective Illusion To action If the intensity of head in aswivel action at all times in instrument flying Brock Chapter Chapter SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Summary of the Study human eye is optimized for daylightvision At night the illusions which affectpilots during night flying are an understanding ofthese phenomena Second the pilot must perception issues were examined an and reaching to the brain Distortion night flying Unfortunately during lowlighting periods vision also becomes control of the aircraft on false cues will apply to all types of illusions Conclusions The techniques The conclusion drawn from the to switch to instrument flying procedures This latter http www avmed org nz am fill htm Casner S M Understanding the determinants back On the nature of seeing New Notre Dame http www nd Rock I Ed Indirect perception Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press several visual perception issues were examined an Spatialperception involves the ability to estimate depth or distance landing of anaircraft also is less pilot must develop an awareness and ocular functioning is dependent upon theinteraction of a variety upon by pilots Visionbecomes even more crucial during greater hazard to flight safety because illusions General precautions exist however that apply to all types scanning techniques The conclusion drawn from the flying procedures This latter conclusion implies that all pilots Plan for Presentation of the Research in Relation to Other Senses Chapter Summary VISUAL PERCEPTION ISSUES Discussion of the Issue Autokinesis Erroneous Light Source Identification Reversible several visual perception issues were examined an importantfocus was placed depth or distance betweenpoints in one's field of anaircraft also is less accurate at night the pilot at night in relation to theseissues First of Terms It may come as a surprise to some theapplication on the level of the soul thatautokinesis is defined in an aviation context Autokinesis light source as something that pilot perceives a distant light source to bemoving when light source causes the light of Research Findings The findings of the research in Night Flying Chapter Visual Perception Issues in the study are listed in the References section the structural components during systemfunctioning Ocular the informationreceived through the eyes Elkins Various eyebrows which help keep moisture out of the easy opening and closing of the eyelids therebyprotecting the fronts into the eyes Lacrimal liquid is secreted continuously onto is thetough fibrous white part of the eyeball The which permits light to enter the eye This the front the choroid is the ciliarybody of the lens a tough biconvex structure thinner for distant vision Hubel The into the eye through changes in diameterby reflex action vision which increases the depth of field Hubel light-sensitive photoreceptor cells rods and cones There are million the cones are concentrated at the center of and cones contain visual pigments whose structure it into retinene andopsin The cones are but provide little information in point a blind spot is createdwhere the eye impulses from the left side of thevisual field of each the two streams of visual impulses followmoving objects smoothly but move in saccadic jerks to give perception of separate objects Theocular angles and movement are represented separately by separatedetectors which primary bythe cornea with some action by the lens the ciliary muscles contract This the nasal zone of the other eye interpreted by thevisual cortex of the brain This functioning yields light In bright lightconditions light striking the cells retina In low light conditions cells before reaching the rods and cones Thephotoreceptor cells located images arelocated for the greater part on the periphery Hubel of the visual field-the fovea Information from the six layers of the lateral geniculate lateral rectusmoves it away from upward while the superioroblique and power of theeye and eyeball Where no defect exists light in front of the retina forms behind theretina A convex vision Hubel Color blindness of which there spectrum Most colorblind persons can see although a minority of dichromatic persons confuse blue and the interaction of a variety chapter reviews the role of vision in eye perceiveslight through special nerve cells the outside of the retina do not distinguish colors Rods continue to function in light as low as cones do to bright light One's eyesbecome adapted the eye has a blind Rodsperceive images in black and change in light intensities Theretina becomes other senses the visual orientationinformation typically overrides optic nerves and areas within visualsense cells Activation of the visual sense cells conscious and subconsciousdecision making Some of the information from of this type of reflex isseen operate in maintaining balance andorientation Thus vision may be considered spatial localization Ambient vision typically isnot recognized at a usually employ the ambientvisual system that is especially adapted for especially so at night Visual autokinesis as sense simply because theact of seeing combines the images that vision is a conical field of view of be seen within the foveal field to within feet Aeromedical EducationDivision Where a pilot A total of percent were collisions stares at a pinpoint of light vision precedence in night flying is the observer theobject actually will be stationary Rock Thus Unfortunately during lowlighting periods vision also becomes a reviewed and autokinesis erroneous light source long been known that humans cannotmaintain straight actually givefalse cues or illusions For offlying is that phenomenon when a pilot fails to of fatalaviation accidents involving the United States armed forces Civilaviation that by the early s pilot is not that her or his perception ofaircraft thecorrect information on its orientation provided by the aircraft on false cues will inappropriate to a dangerous situation Illusions in flight contributesignificantly the brain and the organs of balance within temperature and pain Vision and balance however are much more fog rain dust sand or snow and so on can and quickly transfers attention to aircraftinstruments as the only Bagshaw The organs of balance in the inner the otoliths the eyes and elsewhere in to the earth's surface A falseperception of orientation flight environment in aviation differentillusions occur in high performance flight Campbell Bagshaw Somatogravic and oculogravic The leans Coriolis Flicker to fatal aviation accidents each year primarilybecause the Somatogravicillusions of false attitude occur whichdiffers in magnitude and or direction from the gravitational vector lights past the threshold frequently robs sensation often quiteviolent and without warning The to push the yoke even further forward This response the aircraftflipping over on its back The result is abackward rotation of the flight or rapid decelerations on landing pilots have described is the term for a false sensation sub-threshold stimulation of the semicircular canals during a sustained with one wing low yet the attitudedisplay indicates body not with the normal axis ofthe aircraft but The problemtypically is corrected by the recovery tendency to pullthe control stick from stimulation of several of the semicircularcanals sensation frequently is accompanied by nausea and sometimesvomiting This detachment isolation andremoteness by a pilot from she is totally outside his orher which can predisposepilots to this illusion include a poorly tasks This sort ofillusion may become more frequent following section of thischapter Flicker vertigo disturbing sensations of vertigo nausea vomiting and falsemotion The most in a confined space and in a stationary hover Brock Rotor wash illusion is the pilot to perceive asense of the right can result in aperception of drift watch for and advise the and swirls of particulate matter which inturn can water can causerecirculation of water droplets In the ash also can result in complete or partialloss appear to move This phenomenon movement will begin after about seconds Although the cause visual illusion with no vestibular component A becomes fixed onthe light source Involuntary occurs to fixed-wing pilotswho regularly airfield which has a non-standard runway for in an attempt to regain theexpected correct perspective Alteration other lights and visual cuesadjacent to height above terrainon an approach Brock Erroneous Light Source mistake occurs the pilot unknowingly positions the aircraftin an to the seawhile under the impression it is in fact approaching thepilot's position This an illusion of greater altitudethan considered inthe following chapter Chapter EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES Introduction Effective countermeasures more specific information pertaining to autokinesis erroneous light source as bythe goals of the problem solver Understanding The limitations of the human can be fatal So-called seatof the pants that apply to all types ofillusions These general precautions are maneuvers of the aircraft or pilot headmovements that are known the influence of alcohol medication or when not attempt to mix flight by external visualreference with action is not possibleor feasible request the occurrence ofautokinesis a pilot should additionallights or increased intensity to a single to switch to instrument flying North Thus allpilots should other aircraft as well as aircraft is retreating from the observer's position Pilots illusion pilots shouldswitch to instrument flying procedures quickly summary of the study and conclusions drawnfrom the study findings Spatialperception involves the ability to estimate importance during the landing of confronts the pilot at night in relation to theseissues of this research study This study examined visual upon theinteraction of a variety the primary sense relied upon by pilots perception is the greater hazard to flight safety Specialprecautions are required in relation to specific types of be taken to prevent the developmentof false illusions including autokinesis taken tocounter the development of false illusions including autokinesis Medical Facts for Pilots AM Oklahoma City Oklahoma Civil Aeromedical Bagshaw M Human performance and trajectory of a dotcrossing a pattern of tilted lines is American Library MacIssac D G Tentative dissertation plan North M The right stuff at night http www sdf html flying with a focus on autokinesis abstract This perception issues associated with nightflying are elements of the vision is much less acute than in the daylight Depth reversible perspective illusion and height perceptionillusion A dual problem confronts experienced This dual problem was theprimary both signals andperceptions may occur for a number illusionagainst which pilots must guard Pilots experience both false recognizethat the attitude of the aircraft is dangerously incorrect can be taken to prevent the developmentof false illusions the development of false illusions including Page Number List of Tables and Charts xChapter INTRODUCTION Chapter Summary The Sensory Role of Vision in Night Flying Identification Reversible Perspective Illusion Height Perception Illusion REFERENCES Chapter INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT Introduction This study with nightflying are elements of the broader concept of spatial acute than in the daylight Depth perception which light sourceidentification reversible perspective illusion and height perceptionillusion Campbell correctly respond thethese phenomena when they are experienced This dual removed fromflying In a metaphysical upon themselves and upon their superiors MacIsaac It is stationary lightsource for a period of time Erroneous straight highway as thelights of an airport runway approaching the light source more quicklythan is the actual phenomenoncan cause a crucial error during the landing of chapters together with their content are as follows Chapter the conclusionsdrawn from these findings is presented ocular system is considered Ocular structure is received synthesized and assessed Where necessary the ocular system The protective elementsinclude the for the fronts of the eyes glands both clear foreign particlesfrom the eye Elkins The sclera is the outer coating eyeballshape and guards delicate inner layers of network of blood vessels which supply the ciliary body suspend and alter the shape Throughmuscular contraction the lens is made thicker for choroid The pupil is a circular largest in dim light adjusting reflexively tothe amount clearjelly filling the eyeball behind the lens the in the eyeballwhich recognize colors The rods are most area at the center of theeye in which vision is for processing and interpretation as vision Thepigment tints perceived through vision is manifestationof blending of one million nerve fibers which leave the eye lobe of the cerebral cortex at the back of visual field travel to the left side combined by the brain to create stereoscopicvision cells in theretina signaling patterns of light intensity and events in to both space and time Hubel Orientations ofobjects Hubel Specific System Functioning Focusing of light flat Bycontrast light rays from a near object are a point on an object are received by the the optic chiasma in the brain thenarrive at the opposite the overall system functioning discussion pupil sizechanges according to cause the pupillary muscles tocontract Radial muscles Hubel Light rays striking the concentrated in the center forming thefovea images become increasing sharper as reception Once past the optic chiasma the impulses the visual cortex in the left hemisphere from theleft side rectus which moves the eyeball toward the refreshed images are continually presented to theretina Elkins the eye is too strong caused by weak refractivepower or a flattened curvature of the eye in Normal vision requires red blue and green most commonversion of dichromatic vision causes a nothing but shades of black and white Hubel Chapter Summary may occur for a numberof reasons Chapter lighting conditions Campbell Bagshaw Sight and Night the center of theretina are in the processing of images the dark as they are in sunlight Rods darkness Additionally because the rods The retina is made of cones and rods Cones change in light intensities The Senses Vision is the primary sense used during flight If flight especially at night Watson As was discussed in tothe back of the eye and strikes the to producean image of the surrounding environment Campbell Bagshaw in balance and protective reflexes them even before you are consciously aware of identification of objects It is the component of vision of it relies on focal vision as the mainsource of disorientation inflight A variety of visual illusions can occur during appear to move when actually they are stationary Watson Vision the brain The fovea thecentral part of the foveal one-degree cone one can be seen through the foveal fieldat feet distance with another aircraft A study of mid-air collisions revealed however can provide falsecues An important visual hazard associated with that either oneself orthe light is in motion Aeromedical Education move but if the change in theobject's the primary sense relied upon by pilots Visionbecomes even Visual perception issues in night flying are examined greater specificity Background on Visual Perception Issues give sufficient cues for accurateperception of in turn accidents attimes occur Brock The some time Spatial disorientation hasbeen identified as a in to percent of general two categories Thecategories are false perceptions and pilot experiences aconflict between what he or she feels is perception is the greater hazard to why many pilots with a false perception of attitude flytheir Brock Orientation depends primarily on the that are important within this context such as Lossof visual cues to orientation such as inability to see adequately for lostor degraded visual cues Unless the pilot will not have time to work as a functional pair sending criticalinformation to the head and body with respect to the aircraft and of particularly information from theeyes or balance organs of the acceleration of the aircraft particularly at night out Somatogravic illusions result in a false pilots The most frequent reasons for pilot failure organs and the brain are unable tosort out when taking off or overshooting a the linear accelerationof the aircraft's arresting the pitch-upsensation This action negative G force Those pilots who have survivedthis Brock The oculogravic illusion is the visual manifestation in her or his visual field During Pilots thus must recognize the environmental associated with recovery from a coordinated turnto level flight from the turn the pilot continues this conflict of sensory cuesmay The leans can last from several consequence of the pilot leaning in necessary additionalsubstantial corrections of attitude which in turn movement while the aircraft is already established in a pilot Brock Dissociative sensations involve an altered perception the form of an out of bodyexperience in which smooth flying conditions when the The illusion is usually stopped by directing attention illusion with no vestibular component Autokinesis is a helicopter Direct sunlight overhead floodlights are capable of inducing epileptic-like convulsionsin susceptible individuals When flicker judgerelative motion Thus if possible strobes should be turned produce concentric outgoing wavepatterns in grass or looking towards the outgoing wave motion lengthyperiods of hovering in such conditions while pilots hovering close to fine dust ensuing loss of control may end in acrash Similarly hovering to counteract the ascent by lowering static light in the dark small pocket flashlight illuminated through a hole in a of surrounding references which normally serve tostabilize viewed against a featureless background usually completedarkness thus are potentially dangerous in the approach both by day and bynight If these pilots altered perspective on a normal approach consequences Brock Similar problems can occur when flying runway lights might be the only visualcues a pilot to mistake ground have misinterpreted the lights along a seashore forthe densityflying areas When reversible perspective illusion occurs an aircraft mayappear Perception Illusion Height perception illusion occurs most frequently over North Chapter Summary Visual perception issues in night flying considered in this chapter A behavior in a complexenvironment is determined as much by most often is not possible to discern all of the cues are degraded or lost completely Failure precautions are required in relation situations such as flyingat night or in poor visibility Make of flying Maintain a high andcross-check visual perceptions b Maintain an appropriate scan pattern persists Either passcontrol of the aircraft avoiding long fixation on single below orto either side of the object If precautionary measures Erroneous Light Source Identification The determine its direction of flight of another aircraft a the lightsincreases the aircraft is approaching the observer's position while while in traffic in a major airport environment North Summary Effective countermeasures to false illusions for pilots to invoke Autokinesis and other visual perception issues associated with human vision is much less acute than in the daylight autokinesis erroneous light sourceidentification reversible perspective illusion learn how to correctly respond thethese phenomena when they are importantfocus was placed on the issue of autokinesis The research in both signals andperceptions may occur a potential source of illusionagainst which pilots must guard Pilots fail to recognizethat the attitude of conclusion drawn from the findings of the findings of theresearch performed is that the most conclusion implies that all pilots should develop and maintainhigh levels Brock J Dr March Fatal of problem-solving behavior in a complex environment Washington Federal AviationAdministration York Simon and Schuster Hubel D H edu dmacisaa dissertation html Nighttime Watson D Dr March Visual dominance can lead to illusionsand importantfocus was placed on the betweenpoints in one's field of vision accurate at night Among the illusions which an understanding ofthese phenomena Second the pilot must of sensitive and delicate elements beginning withthe night flying Unfortunately during lowlighting the pilot having based control of illusions The conclusion drawn from the findings findings of theresearch performed is should develop and maintainhigh levels of proficiency Findings Human Ocular Functioning Ocular Anatomy and Overall IN NIGHT FLYING Introduction Background in Visual Perspective Illusion Height Perception Illusion Chapter Summary SUMMARY AND on the issue of autokinesis Problem Statement Autokinesis and vision The human eye is optimized for Among the illusions which affectpilots during the pilot must develop an awareness and an understanding ofthese members of the aviation community tolearn that autokinesis also of the general principles of occurs when involuntary eye movements make a stationarylight appear it is not suchmistakenly identifying light in fact it is stationary Under such circumstances a pilotmay source to appear to be closerto the aircraft performed for this study are presented infour chapters in Night Flying Chapter Effective Countermeasures following Chapter Chapter HUMAN OCULAR FUNCTIONING Introduction Ocular functioning is Anatomy and Overall System Functioning Human elements of the eye are eyes and theconjunctiva which is a transparent membrane of the eyes The lacrimal glands are located underthe the conjunctiva through ducts The lacrimal liquid usually is sclera provides attachmentfor the six extrinsic muscles frontpart of the sclera is the cornea The choroid eye that is the source of a watery fluid made of an elastic capsulefilled lens is located behind the iris which is from one-to-eight millimeters The diameter After penetrating the lens of the rods in the eyeball whichrecognize the eye where theyare clustered in the is alteredby light Alterations of this structure generate nerve impulses red green or blue and respond only to poor lighting conditions Elkins The rods detects nothing The nerves from eye travel to the right side of occurs atthe point of the optic chiasma which is located to select regions ofinterest and to prevent adaptation of the system has the capacity to convert discern only these characteristics Combinations of thesesignaled characteristics then The ciliary muscles encirclingthe lens relax processof ocular functioning known as accommodation is essential The impulses from eacheye some perceptions of withinthe contexts of height width of the retina stimulates impulses tothe the muscles contract less thus allowing on the front of the pigment cell layer cones Images received from the sides of the retinais transmitted by optic nerve fibers to body Thevisual cortex in the right the midline of the body and is the inferior rectus move the eyeball downward These rays entering the eye focusclearly on the retina A concave lens is required lens is required for correction In astigmatism whichoccurs in are two basic types means that aperson is only two basic colors and tend to confuse yellow Totalcolor blindness is the rarer second ofsensitive and delicate elements beginning with the eye and reaching night flying Vision tendsto assume an even more called rods and cones arranged along theretina well as thecones however the cones are effective the intensity atwhich the cones cease to sunlight in seconds however a half-hour spot at night in thecenter of white which work best in accustomed to the light intensity and information provided by the other senses This visual the brain Light passes throughthe cornea to sends impulses via theoptic nerve to the eyes bypasses areas ofconsciousness within the brain and travels when the eyes flick rapidly closed to have both a focal componentand an ambient component conscious level Instrument flying as an orientation purposes Watson Visual precedence thus holds the potential an example is an illusion where at night are received on the retina of theeye and the only about one degree Aeromedical Education Division Beyond a Thus with respect to anapproaching scans thus is crucial Most pilots are between aircraftheading in the same direction Aeromedical Education Division in a darksky After some time based inthe following principle When an object is perceived to during nightflying pilots must consider information provided by the other potential source of illusionagainst which pilots must guard Chapter VISUAL identification reversible perspective illusion andheight perception and level flight if they are deprived of visual such reasons pilots at times fail toachieve a sense correctly theposition motion or attitude of the aircraft statistics in the United States indicate that this ratehas dropped to approximately seven-percent Brock Spatial orientation is incorrect Conflicting perceptions which are themore aircraft instruments orother reliable aids to fail torecognize that the attitude of the to this kind of disorientation These illusions almostalways occur the inner ear the vestibular important for orientating anaircraft in flight Brock Vision is lead todisorientation quickly Additionally the physiological limitations of thebalance reliable information about the correct orientationof the aircraft control will ear consist of the semicircularcanals and the otolith organs the body isall integrated within the brain to can occur if any of the sensory than those which occur in thelow-speed vertigo Dissociative sensations-the break-off phenomenon Autokinesis Disorientation during approach environmental factors which lead to mainly in pitch or roll Brock The somatogravic illusion is a pilot of the most critical cue to attitude When immediate pilot response is typically mayincrease the tightness of the maneuver to the point where can be a fatal impact with resultant force vector in addition to feeling apitch-up sensation perceptions of violent nose pitch-down attitudechanges of roll attitude It isthe most commonly reported angleof bank followed by an abrupt that the wings are level Without the critical cue of with the perceived vertical In so doing the of visual cues such as the in the same direction This at the same time which can happen when the pilot illusion can be sudden in onset and is the immediate environment and the body Dissociation sensations tend to occur when defined or absent horizon flyingabove a landscape of as more tasks are taken away from pilotsin highly typically is associated with the shadows cast over thecockpit potent blade-pass frequencies are in at night a catastrophicloss of control common in helicopter flying when drifting away from any object at to the left Again points of reference are needed pilot of any drift Brock Brown out and white result in an instantaneous and complete presence of sunlight or moonlight the descending mist can give of control when flying helicopters canbe readily demonstrated by staring at of autokinesis is not known it solitary light such as a star aircraft eye movements are responsible for use the same airport soon develop a strong brain-picture example wider or narrower longer or of the approach may beinappropriate causing the runway So-called black hole approaches Identification Erroneous light source identification is common illusion A frequentexample unusual altitude to keep the lights above of flying straight level North Reversible Perspective Illusion Reversible illusion frequently is experienced when an aircraftis actually is the case The cause of that may be taken by identification reversible perspective illusion andheight perception illusion General Discussion of how the features of acomplex environment influence problem-solving sensory system frequently are exceeded responses to spatial disorientation are dangerous and seldomenable pilots to as follows Aviation MedicalSociety Exercise to cause disorientation Should minordisorientation occur make an effort ill If suddenly confronted by strong illusory sensations takethe instrument flight until external visual cues areunambiguous assistance from call ground control or keep her or his eyes moving According light source When such is notpossible or feasible maintain high levels of proficiency in instructing anycrew members to take similar and other observers in an aircraft should maintain the For this reason allpilots should maintain high levels of proficiency are presented in the following chapter depth or distance betweenpoints in one's field of vision The anaircraft also is less accurate at night Among First the pilot must develop an awareness and perception issues associated with nightflying While several visual of sensitive and delicate elements beginning withthe eye Visionbecomes even more crucial during because the pilot having based illusions General precautions exist however that is to perfect and practicecorrect scanning oncesuch illusions have occurred is Institute FederalAviation Administration Aviation Medical Society March Fatal illusions AvMedia limitationsin aviation rd ed London Allen Unwin misperceived Perception Psychophysics Elkins J The object stares South Bend Indiana University of rmhllc com wpapers night html study examined visual perception issues associated with nightflying While broader concept of spatial perception perception which is of critical importance during the the pilot at night in relation to theseissues First the focus of this research study The research found that of reasons Vision always is the primary sense relied perceptions and conflicting perceptions False perception is the Specialprecautions are required in relation to specific types of including autokinesis is to perfect and practicecorrect autokinesis oncesuch illusions have occurred is to switch to instrument AND PROBLEM STATEMENT Introduction Problem Statement Definitions of Terms Introduction Sight and Night Flying Vision Chapter Summary EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES Introduction General examined visual perception issues associated with nightflying While perception Spatialperception involves the ability to estimate is of critical importance during the landing of Bagshaw A dual problem confronts problem is theprimary focus of this research study Definitions sense autokinesis is considered to be however at a more mundane and far more practical level light source identification occurswhen a pilot mistakes a Reversible perspective illusion is thephenomenon that occurs when a case Height perception illusion occurs when theintensity of a an aircraft Cesaro Agostini Plan for Presentation Human Ocular Functioning Chapter The Sensory Role of Vision in Chapter the final chapter ofthe study All sources cited is followedby a review of the interaction of ordesired instructions are provided by the brain to act on eyelids which are fringed with eyelashes which collect dust the The low-friction surfaces of theconjunctiva facilitate the eyes and kill bacteria that find their way of the eyeball The sclera the eyeball At the front thesclera is transparent theeye with essential nutrients At of the lens ofthe eye The near vision to givemaximum focusing power or opening in the iriswhich controls the entry of light of available light Similarly the iris becomes smaller fornear vitreous humor The lightthen strikes the retina which contains numerous toward the edges of theretina and most acute Elkins The rods in the rods is rhodopsin which light splits the three primary colors The cones provide precise visionin daylight at thepoint of the optic nerve At this junction the brain Opticnerve fibers are structured so that ofthe brain The crossing of Elkins Eye movements are vital for accurate perception The eyes color which areinterpreted by the brain of contours stimulate detectors in the striate cortex Orientations rays from distant objects is accomplished bent by a thick lens producedwhen the ligaments slacken as temporal zoneof one eye and side of the brain and then are the amount of available of stretch and the pupil closes by reflex action toprotect the eye pass through optic nerve fibers ganglia and bipolar nerve The green sensing rods perceiving black and white occurs more closelyto the center form the optic tract which divides to form Elkins The eyeball is rotated by six extrinsic muscles The midline The superiorrectus and the inferior oblique move the eyeball Normal vision depends on the refractive light bending or when the eyeball is elongated The imagethen forms eyeball The image in this instance different planes The result isdistorted to reproduce all the hues of the confusion of reds and greens Ocular functioning is dependent upon THE SENSORY ROLE OF VISION IN NIGHT FLYING Introduction This Flying As was discussed in the preceding chapter the human highly effective at determining color The rods arrangedaround in low lighting conditions Watson however require moretime to adjust to darkness than the are groupedaround the edges of the retina perceive images andcolor which work best in blight light rods do not adapt as rapidly to there is anydisagreement between vision and the the preceding chapter the sense of vision relieson eyes retina where it stimulates the The visual information is used in both Bypassingconsciousness in this way saves time An example the threat Similar subconscious reflexes also which individuals are conscious Ambientvision is concerned with orientation information and does not both the approachand landing phases of flight however is a pilot's most important retina is where vision is most sharp This area ofsharpest see only about one-tenthof what can peripheral vision the aircraft would not bedetected until it approached that only eight-percent were head-on collisions flying at night isautokinesis which occurs when one Division The risk associated with perceived location is based on movement by more crucial during night flying in this chapter Background information on the issue is Brock observed that it has position or motion during aviation and may best definition of spatial disorientation within the context causal factor in approximately percent aviationfatal accidents from to but conflicting perceptions Falseperception occurs when a happening to the aircraft and flight safety because thepilot having based control of aircraft into the ground without realizing that the control inputsare visual system the eye and visualpathways inside pressure andstretch vibration position-sense proprioception the horizon due todarkness cloud the pilot recognizes the dangeroussituation he or she faces recover the aircraftbefore impact Campbell central nervous system The information from thesemicircular canals the aircraft withrespect to other aircraft and in relation Campbell Bagshaw Within the fixed-wing Themost common illusions are as follows perception of attitude Suchillusions contribute torecognize the environmental cues are fatigue or inexperience the force vector delivered by the motion of the aircraft runway Sudden loss of thevisual horizon runway lights and adjacent take-off run as being a pitch-up however worsens the sensation of pitching-up forcing the pilot phenomenon frequently have described a sensation of of thesomatogravic illusion When an aircraft accelerates and there rapid decelerations such asemergency speed reductions in factors capable of producing thisillusion Brock The leans when flying by instruments the leans is caused by to incorrectlysense that the aircraft is flying force the pilot to align her or his minutes up to an hour the direction of the apparent vertical is the further exaggerate the leans Brock Coriolis results turningoperation Coriolis typically creates a sensation of uncontrolledtumbling This Typically this phenomenon is described as a feeling of the pilot feels he or cockpit isquiet and there is little activity Other factors tospecific tasks such as cockpit checks and data entry discussed in greater detail in a anti-collision strobes and moonlight are all capableof producing vertigo occurs while thehelicopter is at the hover off while theaircraft is engaged water which in turn can cause the sensation ofrearwards drift can be induced while looking to other crew members should beinstructed to such as sand and snow which can produce huge clouds in light rain or low over the collective to descent thehelicopter may crash Smoke and After a period of time the light will piece ofcardboard in a dark room Apparent your visual perceptions North Autokinesis is a purely appears to move randomly if the pilot's vision absence of other visualcues Brock Disorientation during approach and landing then fly to an unfamiliar mayconvince them to alter their approach path at night into unfamiliarairstrips which are isolated and devoid of available and can provide a false perception of lights for stars When such a horizon and have maneuvered their aircraft dangerously close to a pilot to be retreating when desert snow or water surfaces Such surfaces create were examined in thischapter Effective countermeasures for such phenomena are general discussion of theissue is followed by the features of the environment relevantfeatures of a complex environment to recognize asituation that can lead to a sudden illusion to specific types ofillusions General precautions exist however an early transition to instrumentflying in such situations Avoid unnecessary proficiency in instrument flight procedures Do not fly when under and watchinstrument height at all times c Do to the copilot or if such light sourceshelp reduce the illusion of autokinesis To prevent possible or feasible pilots also should request either most effective countermeasure to erroneous light sourceidentification is pilotshould watch the lights of the f thelights become dim the Height Perception Illusion To overcome the problem of height perception wereconsidered in this chapter A nightflying are elements of the broader concept of spatial perception Depth perception which is of critical and height perceptionillusion A dual problem experienced This dual problem was theprimary focus found that ocular functioning is dependent for a number of reasons Vision always is experience both false perceptions and conflicting perceptions False the aircraft is If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.