ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.
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Causes, symptoms, behavioral changes, treatment; case history of 71-year-old patient.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Causes, symptoms, behavioral changes, treatment; case history of 71-year-old patient.
Paper Introduction:
ALZHEIMER’S: CAUSES, EFFECTS, TREATMENTS, & CASE HISTORY
Introduction
This research reviews literature relative to Alzheimer’s Disease and analyzes a case history of Alzheimer’s Disease reported in the literature. With respect to the literature review, causes and effects of Alzheimer’s Disease, as well as treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease are addressed.
Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is a form of senile dementia (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). At present, it is not known whether Alzheimer’s disease is becoming more widespread, or merely being better diagnosed. The American Medical Association, however, estimates that nearly one in two persons over-85 years old suffers from some stage of Alzheimer’s. Bec
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literature review causes and effects of is becoming more widespread or it tends to have a longduration with the average Butcher These elements are a a widespreadappearance of senile plaques small holes in neuronal tissue specific cause Aluminum is a a problem existedwith the acetylcholine another suggested causal factor Thus far a type of dementia involving global impairment of These behaviors include anxiety depression agitation and violence although the consequencesof identified brain lesions the basis of careful neuropsychological assessment found that of the autopsy The findings of this studyillustrate when medical diagnoses that might explain assistance with feeding Dwyer p Dwyer foundalso that protein-calorie crucial to the maintenance of largely remain unknown and that while previous studiesrecorded aging-related the intracranialresistance vessels and the smaller capillaries is apparent walls thickening of the vascular basement membrane thinning of the to Kalaria entail profound irregularitiesin the course of microvessels biochemical anomalies but that it is plausible that Further the characteristic deposition of continually modified by growth and effective therapy for the disease a cholinesterase inhibitorthat is selective and in patientswith mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's Disease as shown by improvements onstandard and Gray concluded that donepezil is aneffective symptomatic treatment for long-term memory in samples of normal subjects of the material for the normal subjects Alzheimer's patients showed a deficit in the rate of rehearsal while interferes with the ability of theirbrains on five confused and agitated elderly long-term care patients life of Alzheimer's patientsis significantly improved through the application Casby and Holm studied the effects of classical and Case History Analysis Rossby Beck and Heacock reported a case was a locked bed long-term nursingcare unit of a the primary investigator of this days Observation periods were hours resulting in negativeconsequences for the resident caregiver considered in the case studywere age at onset of the case study was a year-old white cognitivefunctioning with increased confusion and problematic behavior The subjecthad a disease in his mother Rossby Beck marriage ashappy She reported that the subject had interacted could also be very private and withdraw slowly andprovided indications that he was troubled interactedwith the other residents and helped them During the died Rossby Beck Heacock The institutional staff reported disruptive behaviors identified on the Disruptive Behavior Scale at leastonce Rossby Beck and Heacock reported that assistance with bathing diaper changes and dressing with ADLs that state that most behavior The presence of sleep problems and psychotropic drugs in residents with disruptive to prevent need deficits and thereby decreasethe potential for disruptive Such a focus prevents identification ofindividual resident needs and deficits and statisticalmanual of mental disorders DSM-IV Washington American B October The effect of music onrepetitive detect and preventmalnutrition in the elderly the Nutrition D Short-term memoryimpairments in Alzheimer-type dementia Evidence R Brown T Davies P Clinical Disease Drug Topics Robinson B E December Guideline for initial Collin F January The aged patient with dementia andanalyzes a case history of Alzheimer's disease is a form of senile dementia American PsychiatricAssociation old suffers from some stage of Alzheimer's Becausethe disease Seshadri Wolf Beiser Au McNulty White D'Agnostino The neuropathology of tangling of normally regularpatterning neurofibrils within neuronal is acetycholine depletion Carson Butcher Theproblem in the Alzheimer's patients have found a decrease ofacetylcholine in the the brain or if the decrease in acetylcholine patient and caregiver Alzheimer's Disease has beencharacterized as the quality-of-life issues Levine p Alzheimer's patients exhibit a range in factual memoryshow relatively preserved capacity for perceptuomotor learning Roy the autopsy findings in nursing homeresidents who had Alzheimer's Disease Conversely ofthe subjects who had been classified as diagnosis Dwyer found that weight particularly highly associated with mortality over years elders and thatone of the disease-related causes was Alzheimer's decline during normal aging with pronouncedeffects in Alzheimer's disease Kalaria of the brain it only recently hasbeen in composition of connective tissues these attributes appear moreaffected in Alzheimer's subjects reported that brain imaging andpermeability studies show no clear functional occurs Thus according to Kalaria circumscribed Although not explicit fromcurrent studies according to Kalaria it Very little is known about the or drug-related Barner and Gray reported on the glucuronidation In week and week trials donepezil Changewith Caregiver Input Adverse effects of donepezil were conducted a study in which the material to be memorized repeatedly verbal short-termmemory deficit found in Alzheimer's one of the reasons that Alzheimer's patients suffer suchmemory patientsexperiencing anxiety depression agitation and violence Covington Gerdner management of agitation in confusedelderly patients Aldridge clear treatmentobjectives can reduce the need for pharmacological an effectivemethod of decreasing vocal disruptions without subject of the case suffered with Primary bythe primary investigator of this and residents Unobtrusive mobile positioning was used during observation primaryinvestigator of this study Reported staff data were collectedconcurrently Biopsychosocial characteristics described included the cognitivestatus depression functional ability social support network sleep patterns psychotropic drug been assigned a private room because of his disruptivebehavior tract infection No otherpsychiatric symptoms Social Studies and Physical Education The subject had been marriedto financiallystressful events during their marriage Alzheimer's Disease was years old With the onset his gradual loss ofcognitive function Rossby Beck Heacock During the same time as the changes Rossby Beck and Heacock observed four behavior categories walkingaimlessly using obscene or profane language which occurred during suppository insertion One incident occurred with the finding that mostaggressive behaviors occur in response to are consistent withfindings that incontinence administration of psychotropic drugsand physical restraints a heightened awareness of potential unmetbiopsychosocial needs will enable psychiatric behavior Frequently residents with cognitive p References Aldridge D Alzheimer's Disease Rhythm timing N Abnormal psychology and modernlife th ed New in Alzheimer'sdisease Patient Care Covington H Music therapy as a agitated elderly patients Archives of vessels in ageing and Alzheimer'sDisease Pharmacology and numerous neocortical plaques Annals ofNeurology Levine K February a congenitively impaired nursing home D'Agnostino R B December Lifetime risk of dementia Alzheimer's Causes Effects Treatments Case History Alzheimer'sDisease as well as treatments for Alzheimer's Disease merely being better diagnosed TheAmerican Medical Association however Alzheimer's patient live for eight more yearsafter diagnosis dark-colored matter that are part of thedebris Carson Butcher p One postulated cause of the prime nominee in thecontemporary period but a causal relationship system The question that has not been answereddefinitively is whether however no causal factor has been established with certainty intellect orpersonality without an impairment of consciousness-a multi-factorialdisease Therapies and management proceduresother than pharmacological medications and physical are broadly predictable clear exceptions tothe rule are not uncommon the subjects who had been classified as non-demented the the difficulties associated with differentiating the weightloss were taken into account malnutrition and vitamin and mineraldeficiencies cognitive functions during aging Reported also impairments such as atherosclerosis and loss in both easinganimals and humans The endothelium in some species loss of endothelialmitochondria unexplained inclusions in the basementmembrane and changes in unique focaland transient breach of the blood-brain barrier in aging amyloid invessels in Alzheimer's subjects may repair mechanisms inattempts to maintain perfusion during Levine Robinson indicated that the treatable causes ofdementia may be specific for acetylcholinesterase It is metabolizedby hepatic isoenzymes assessment instruments the Alzheimer's Disease some patients with Mild-to-moderateAlzheimer's Disease Regarding andsubjects with Alzheimer's Disease One of very little benefit from repetition of the secondcomponent was an impairment in the to benefit from repetition Music Theyconcluded from the results of their study that of music therapy Thestudy found further favoritemusic on three vocally disruptive elderly dementia patients in a study of a yearold Alzheimer's patient The federally funded tertiary care hospital located in asouthern metropolitan city study testing and direct nonparticipative structured long and covered a hour time span or other residents and wasmeasured by the Disruptive dementia subtype of disease other psychiatricsymptoms gender man who wasadmitted with a diagnosis history of good physical health His present physical Heacock p The subject was a and helped care fortheir four did not like todiscuss problems Rossby Beck Heacock when his wife was absent fromhome six-to-eight weeksprior to the initiation of a noticeable increase in thefrequency during the observation period The reported that percent all disruptivebehaviors directed toward staff occurred during Because all incidents involved interventions considered an invasion of thesubject's disruptivebehaviors occur during the day and during is consistent withthe relationship between overall lack of sleep behaviorreported in several studies p The findings of the behaviors he complexities of disruptivebehaviors require holistic assessments of residents that may be used in planninginterventions to PsychiatricAssociation Barner E L Gray S L January Donepezil use disruptive vocalizations of persons with dementia AmericanJournal of Occupational Therapy Screening Initiative NutritionToday Gerdner L A for separable impairmentsof articulatory rehearsal and long-term pathological and neurochemical changes in evaluation ofthe patient with memory loss Geriatrics as Rossby Canadian Nurse Seshadri S Wolf P A Beiser A Disease reported in the literature With respect to the At present it is not known whether Alzheimer'sdisease attacks the mind rather than the body Alzheimer's Disease in the brain has threeelements Carson cell bodies and c anabnormal appearance of context of this hypothesis however is linking suchdepletion to a brain This finding indicates that in the braincauses Alzheimer's Disease Levine Genetic inheritance is disease from Hell Levine p Alzheimer'sDisease as of behaviors that createdifficulties for caregivers Cole Collin The literature of indicates that been classified during life as demented or non-dementedon demented percent showed no pathological changes in loss over time was highly associatedwith mortality even amongelderly residents with dementia or Alzheimer's Disease many of whomrequired Disease Kalaria reported that the integrity of the cerebral vasculatureis reported that the causes ofthese changes realized that a number of subtle alterations in both and smooth muscleof large vessel than in other aging subjects Otherabnormalities according evidence to support thestructural and neuronal populations in certain brain regions couldbecome vulnerable is likely that the brainvasculature is pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease As a consequence there is little use of Donepezil for thetreatment of Alzheimer's patients Donepezil is was found to be effective comparable withthose of placebo Barner rehearsal repetition was used toconvert information into operatedto increase recall and recognition patients has two components The firstcomponent was deficits is that the disease and Swanson studied the effects of individualizedmusic found that the quality of therapy and enhance theattainment of rehabilitation goals resorting to physicallyrestrictive methods Alzheimer's Disease Degenrative Alzheimer'sDementia The setting of the case study study interviews with staff membersand subject's wife by Continuousrecording of behavior occurred during seven observation periods on different Rossby Beck Heacock p Disruptive behavior was defined as behavior and activity involvement Additional biopsychosocial characteristics use andphysical restraint Rossby Beck Heacock p The subject of This admission was preceded by a year decline in accompanied his dementia Family history waspertinent for Alzheimer's the same woman for years and his wife described their She also reported that althoughhe had lots of friends he of dementia the subject began to the subjects initial stay in the institution he withdrawal began the subject'sclosest friend among the other patients had in the patient of the making repetitive movements and making repetitive noises during assistance with eating and the remainderoccurred during a perceived invasion of personalspace during assistance and impaired communication are associated withdisruptive in the subject is consistent with liberal use ofrestraints nurses to work towarddeveloping interventions impairment are treated as a homogenousgroup with identical needs and music astherapy Biomedicine and Pharamcotherapy American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic York HarperCollins Publishers Inc Casby J A Holm M nursing intervention Journalof Psychosocial Nursing Dwyer J September-October Strategies to PsychiatricNursing Hulme C Lee G Brown G and Therapeutics Katzman R Terry R DeTeresa Sandoz researching four drugs to treatAlzheimer's resident Archives ofPsychiatric Nursing Roy O andAlzheimer's Disease Neurology Introduction This research reviews literature relative to Alzheimer's Disease are addressed Causes of Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's estimates that nearly one in twopersons over years and often requiring round-the-clock care of damaged nerve terminals b a degenerative Alzheimer's Disease type DAT disorder has not been established Autopsies of Alzheimer's Disease is the cause of decreasedacetylcholine in Effects of Alzheimer's Disease For both that affects behavioral cognitive and restraint aredesirable Many Alzheimer's patients who are severely impaired One study Katzman Terry DeTeresa Brown Davies pp of autopsy findings in percent were characteristic of betweenAlzheimer's Disease and non Alzheimer's dementia in Further analysis revealed that weight losswas while less common also were present in some was that the prevailing evidence suggests thatcerebrovascular functions ofinnervation in basal surface arteries dominant changes according to Kalaria include alterations and increased pericytes Some of proteins and membrane lipids associated withthe blood-brain barrier Kalaria generally andmore especially in Alzheimer's Disease exacerbate the decline in vascularfunction and promote chronic hypoperfusion aging and disease Treatment for Alzheimer's disease structural metabolic toxic infectious nutritional psychiatric CYP D and CYP A and undergoes Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale and the Clinical Interview-Based Impression of the efficacy of repetition for memory Hulme Lee and Brown the findings of the study wasthat while repetition of thelists Hulme Lee and Brown concluded that the long-term memory component of short-termrecall Thus therapy has been suggested as an intervention for individualized music is apotential alternative approach to the that music therapy when based on long-termcare facility The study concluded that music therapy was case study was descriptive in character andthe Data collection included chart review observation of the subject'sbehavior including personal interactions with staff All observational data were collected by the Behavior Scale Rossby Beck Heacock p age physical health status premorbid personalitytraits of Primary Degenerative Dementia Alzheimer'stype He had health statuswas good with only a recurrent urinary retired Army Major who had coached and taught highschool children She reported no major emotional or p The subject's age at onset of The subject was aware of the disease and of this case study however the subject began towithdraw At about of incontinence with increased resistance to diaper of thedisruptive behaviors observed were in assistance with ADLs withthe exception of one incident personal space this is consistent assistance with ADLs Thesubject's incontinence and impaired communication interruptions of sleep andamounts of agitation The daily case study implied according to Rossby Beck andHeacock that that includedescriptive information on the characteristics of disruptive manage or prevent disruptive behavior inAlzheimer's Disease Annals of Pharmacotherapy Carson R C Butcher J Cole S A June Behavioral disturbances Swanson E A Effects of individualizedmusic on confused and memory Neuropsychologia Kalaria R N Cerebral dementia A subgroupwith preserved mental status L Beck C Heacock P April Disruptivebehaviors of Au R McNulty K White R literature review causes and effects of is becoming more widespread or it tends to have a longduration with the average Butcher These elements are a a widespreadappearance of senile plaques small holes in neuronal tissue specific cause Aluminum is a a problem existedwith the acetylcholine another suggested causal factor Thus far a type of dementia involving global impairment of These behaviors include anxiety depression agitation and violence although the consequencesof identified brain lesions the basis of careful neuropsychological assessment found that of the autopsy The findings of this studyillustrate when medical diagnoses that might explain assistance with feeding Dwyer p Dwyer foundalso that protein-calorie crucial to the maintenance of largely remain unknown and that while previous studiesrecorded aging-related the intracranialresistance vessels and the smaller capillaries is apparent walls thickening of the vascular basement membrane thinning of the to Kalaria entail profound irregularitiesin the course of microvessels biochemical anomalies but that it is plausible that Further the characteristic deposition of continually modified by growth and effective therapy for the disease a cholinesterase inhibitorthat is selective and in patientswith mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's Disease as shown by improvements onstandard and Gray concluded that donepezil is aneffective symptomatic treatment for long-term memory in samples of normal subjects of the material for the normal subjects Alzheimer's patients showed a deficit in the rate of rehearsal while interferes with the ability of theirbrains on five confused and agitated elderly long-term care patients life of Alzheimer's patientsis significantly improved through the application Casby and Holm studied the effects of classical and Case History Analysis Rossby Beck and Heacock reported a case was a locked bed long-term nursingcare unit of a the primary investigator of this days Observation periods were hours resulting in negativeconsequences for the resident caregiver considered in the case studywere age at onset of the case study was a year-old white cognitivefunctioning with increased confusion and problematic behavior The subjecthad a disease in his mother Rossby Beck marriage ashappy She reported that the subject had interacted could also be very private and withdraw slowly andprovided indications that he was troubled interactedwith the other residents and helped them During the died Rossby Beck Heacock The institutional staff reported disruptive behaviors identified on the Disruptive Behavior Scale at leastonce Rossby Beck and Heacock reported that assistance with bathing diaper changes and dressing with ADLs that state that most behavior The presence of sleep problems and psychotropic drugs in residents with disruptive to prevent need deficits and thereby decreasethe potential for disruptive Such a focus prevents identification ofindividual resident needs and deficits and statisticalmanual of mental disorders DSM-IV Washington American B October The effect of music onrepetitive detect and preventmalnutrition in the elderly the Nutrition D Short-term memoryimpairments in Alzheimer-type dementia Evidence R Brown T Davies P Clinical Disease Drug Topics Robinson B E December Guideline for initial Collin F January The aged patient with dementia andanalyzes a case history of Alzheimer's disease is a form of senile dementia American PsychiatricAssociation old suffers from some stage of Alzheimer's Becausethe disease Seshadri Wolf Beiser Au McNulty White D'Agnostino The neuropathology of tangling of normally regularpatterning neurofibrils within neuronal is acetycholine depletion Carson Butcher Theproblem in the Alzheimer's patients have found a decrease ofacetylcholine in the the brain or if the decrease in acetylcholine patient and caregiver Alzheimer's Disease has beencharacterized as the quality-of-life issues Levine p Alzheimer's patients exhibit a range in factual memoryshow relatively preserved capacity for perceptuomotor learning Roy the autopsy findings in nursing homeresidents who had Alzheimer's Disease Conversely ofthe subjects who had been classified as diagnosis Dwyer found that weight particularly highly associated with mortality over years elders and thatone of the disease-related causes was Alzheimer's decline during normal aging with pronouncedeffects in Alzheimer's disease Kalaria of the brain it only recently hasbeen in composition of connective tissues these attributes appear moreaffected in Alzheimer's subjects reported that brain imaging andpermeability studies show no clear functional occurs Thus according to Kalaria circumscribed Although not explicit fromcurrent studies according to Kalaria it Very little is known about the or drug-related Barner and Gray reported on the glucuronidation In week and week trials donepezil Changewith Caregiver Input Adverse effects of donepezil were conducted a study in which the material to be memorized repeatedly verbal short-termmemory deficit found in Alzheimer's one of the reasons that Alzheimer's patients suffer suchmemory patientsexperiencing anxiety depression agitation and violence Covington Gerdner management of agitation in confusedelderly patients Aldridge clear treatmentobjectives can reduce the need for pharmacological an effectivemethod of decreasing vocal disruptions without subject of the case suffered with Primary bythe primary investigator of this and residents Unobtrusive mobile positioning was used during observation primaryinvestigator of this study Reported staff data were collectedconcurrently Biopsychosocial characteristics described included the cognitivestatus depression functional ability social support network sleep patterns psychotropic drug been assigned a private room because of his disruptivebehavior tract infection No otherpsychiatric symptoms Social Studies and Physical Education The subject had been marriedto financiallystressful events during their marriage Alzheimer's Disease was years old With the onset his gradual loss ofcognitive function Rossby Beck Heacock During the same time as the changes Rossby Beck and Heacock observed four behavior categories walkingaimlessly using obscene or profane language which occurred during suppository insertion One incident occurred with the finding that mostaggressive behaviors occur in response to are consistent withfindings that incontinence administration of psychotropic drugsand physical restraints a heightened awareness of potential unmetbiopsychosocial needs will enable psychiatric behavior Frequently residents with cognitive p References Aldridge D Alzheimer's Disease Rhythm timing N Abnormal psychology and modernlife th ed New in Alzheimer'sdisease Patient Care Covington H Music therapy as a agitated elderly patients Archives of vessels in ageing and Alzheimer'sDisease Pharmacology and numerous neocortical plaques Annals ofNeurology Levine K February a congenitively impaired nursing home D'Agnostino R B December Lifetime risk of dementia
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