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Essay Subject: Describes & compares airplane makers' large transport aircraft: 777 (Boeing) & A-330/340 (Airbus). Design, capacity, engines, technology, costs, range, safety.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Describes & compares airplane makers' large transport aircraft: 777 (Boeing) & A-330/340 (Airbus). Design, capacity, engines, technology, costs, range, safety. Paper Introduction: Compare and Contrast Boeing, and Airbus Industrie Design History, and Philosophy on the Boeing 777, and the Airbus A-330/340 Over the next decade, there should be an increased worldwide demand for large transport aircraft. The two major competitors for this market are the Boeing Company in the United States and Europe's Airbus Industrie. Although the Boeing 777 and Airbus A330/A340 families bear certain similarities, they are actually very different aircraft. Introduction: During the last fifty years, the commercial-class aircraft manufacturing industry has evolved into an "oligopolistic production structure" characterized by "extremely high survival risk" and "intense competition" (Golich, 1992, pp.899-934). Two of the industry's major contenders presently include Boeing and Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. worldwide demandfor large transport aircraft The Introduction During the last fifty years the to Boeing market projections there will Sparaco p To meet the demand both manufacturersare developing workhorse transport for the next several decades Boeing Airbus represents amajor evolutionary advance for both the company aircraft are an integral part of that plan In and passengers from to nautical wing-mounted turbofanengines Gottschalk pp The initial model the Boeing was is lbs although itsstructural design allows a longer-range higher-weight model is more fuel This aircraft will have agross weight of lbs version of the This model's thestretched version's range will be nautical miles Main pp s however may employ PW engines The Theseengines achieve their high performance through advanced engine Electric'sGE series The Trent puts out between and lbs ofthrust At inches in length this for high-thrust i e lbs Kandebo p Theengine the GE s design reduce fuel consumption developed for a variety of markets Manydestinations currently require flights pp For example the aircraft warnings and erroneous engine oil system indications False Taylor a vicepresident at Boeing's Commercial Airplane Group Twin-engine planes should be evolutionary rather than revolutionary Moreover the company Thetechnologies utilized by the Boeing have earned their pp Therefore the s two crew members on s The s flight deck is essentially an cockpit and to design in growth addition there are also two multifunction displays stacked in the system For one the data-link capability allowspilots or printed out at the and then enter the information access to stored data The unit is largeenough to Honeywell's Airplane InformationManagement System AIMS This includes AIMS also provides gateways for data conversion and canact System featuresboth digital and analog components and actuatorsfor the elevators rudder ailerons and type of system not only adds weight to an from these transducers are analyzed Computer PFC The ACE is primarily an analog device the control laws which convert the pilot controllerposition into isespecially visible in the flight pilot's ability to respond to anunusual adjusts power This tactilefeedback serves pp The Primary Flight Control roll control s p Thus most of the differences used as upperwing skin This alloy offers improved compression strength an efficient customer-oriented transportwith strong growth potential Furthermore the It is not actually a company but rather a marketingcooperative BoeingCompany For the future Managing consortium'sA A aircraft It has has a rather unusual identity Despite the own percent Moreover British Aerospace Airbus owns pp The consortium was founded apply the best technology available Airbus claimedto be profitable since Over the years it has these outlays amounted to over billion The program designedto challenge two of the Boeing Company's strongest has sought to achieve even greater market penetration throughfurther expansion wing and airframe design Moreover each also common O'Lone pp The one in height and has a fuselage for the A For one Pratt also provide the plane with its lb thrust seatsbetween and passengers in a three-class cabin configuration Lenorovitz baggage the A s maximum range is nauticalmiles North pp lb thrust CFM C Furthermore in and higher-capacity derivatives of the A The have more powerful engines Pratt passengers Furthermore its maximum takeoff weightwill M However the plane willfeature additional fuel tanks These should and wings and CFM C engines The plane require ETOPscertification However its A does require ETOPS approval Given s the consortium adapted the digital fly-by-wire controlsof The pilot and copilot donot have the traditional controls linked to a fly-by-wirecomputer network Waldrop pp in front of each pilot andthere System Waldrop pp This system guardian angel behavior Waldrop pp flight idle engine thrustprevents pilots from accidentally flying too controversy According to Waldrop Airbus designershave decreed that their matter how desperately thepilot pulls most pilots do not accept such constraints easily Especially those the pilot to take the actions he needs is always in command Waldrop pp Airbus' at g Therefore witha standard system pilots Obviously Airbus Industrie has made substantial progress in thecommercial The Boeing and the Airbus two aircraft employ completely different flight aircraft is designed to transport toacquire about percent of all large civil Boeing Airbus pp Regardless though AirbusIndustrie may certain Federal aviationdecisions and Asian financial participation in for the shorter-range A-market version of theA is million North do competeeffectively with Airbus According to Daniel A Overallthough the A may weight Itshould be noted that both Boeing and the plane for its Asianroutes Boeing comprised a more comprehensive cost is itscabin The plane's inches the s cabin width planes Moreover its most densely packedconfiguration seats from to passengers and the jumbo seatsover less desirable Laurent pp When According to Kong The Triple Seven is about climb then the percent higher capacitywould been made onthe plane for up to galleys In addition they have been pre-engineered with flex zonefeatures enable operators to position galleys and changes of as little as inch wing At feet the has to feet A wing-fold actuation handle isinstalled in the of view thereby alerting them of the fact that the for DC s and s Tortolano pp As far as such high-thrustpowerplants As Stuart Iddles Airbus engines from the lb to the mid the A In addition the cruisespeed will be slightly faster J Shine of the Arthur serve developing international markets Itmight for example be Such markets however might be better served by the West Coast Boeing Airbus pp Although the A has four engines approval has beenobtained only after extraordinary demonstrations of and Boeing have completely different philosophies the cockpits of the Boeing and the Airbus A A employ Honeywellflight management systems Other than that though the and are lighter and larger In addition they generally require less fly-by-wire systems are alsovery different throttles remain fixedwith adjustments in autothrottle power Hughes pp Perhaps what the pilot can and cannot do prevent the crew from going to an untrained dangerous be adequate Hestates We found cases where the aircraft enhances safety According to Northwest CaptainKenneth Waldrip it's Douglas companies put more responsibility on the pilot test pilot John Miller hasstated the following We We allow him to correct itwhilst giving him is also a fact that most certified g-limits havesignificant margins not want to try to decide for the pilot what would not and you couldn't continue planes is there because it is neat systems should be simpler Theimprovements associated with glass cockpits system characteristics whichcan lead to little feedback to the crew In official of the U S National Transportation SafetyBoard represent a liability thathas profound implications' what has happened However whileAirbus agrees that attention on the Airbus FlightManagement System left engine failure After the number oneengine's power was avoidimpact with the ground Sparaco pp Systemmay have limited the aircraft's recovery it was not the preliminary reportof the Delegation Generale has noted that the A accidentgenerated a may have inappropriately applied certaintechnologies Airbus Industrie senior vice president-training guy in mind Sparaco pp Airbus Industrie's human pp In contrast it is to cockpitautomation is as follows To ensure in which that automation is applied More specific differences to the rest of its fleet This provides pilots with applies its guardian angel approach to columndisconnect Only recently has automatic landing at adangerous altitude Third Boeing reacts to overspeed response tooverspeed involves slowing the plane by the A andA In addition to the limiting flow physics areapproached it becomes increasingly jets In the Boeing they will account be used on the Boeing is known asTimetal S Kandebo p Timetal S is atservice temperatures as high as the past nickel-basedsuperalloys were used to fabricate nozzles ducting hydraulic tubing and Titanium p However parts made from Timetal Swill be p In addition to titanium the Boeing corrosion as compared to earlier polycrystaland columnar crystal materials Moreover general such developments will result in an the vanes contained BSAF StructuralMaterials' high-tensile strength high tensile weight by as much as lbs Tortolano pp some percent In addition the engine's fan casing for use in lb thrust engines Inaddition advanced carbon-epoxy composites are used throughout the Various fiberglass-carbon-epoxy composites have also been used tofabricate the following been found appropriate forthe Boeing s radome Tortolano found on either the A or the are approximately thesame the carries more passengers Hence the Boeing was somewhat of a latecomer to the extra cost is definitely justified References s fly-by-wire flight Boeing June The Economist Airbus H February Flying by wire Forbes Dornheim M A January Modern cockpit complexitychallenges to thheaven Design News Hughes GE Rolls-Royce Pratt Whitneyadvance engine programs Aviation Week The limits of the Airbus challenge Transatlantic competition Aviation Week Space Technology Lenorovitz J M January Snecma Boeing Aviation Week Space Technology Mecham M February D February Rolls-Royce completes designwork on Trent engine R G November Boeing Airbus seek Space Technology Phillips E H January NTSB Mode Week Space Technology Rill S August Large turbofan for the Boeing Aviation Week Space Technology Sparaco P January Technology Sparaco P November CFM partners prepare commands May Aviation Week Space Technology The jumbo war design Design News Toy S Oneal M April and the Airbus A Over and Europe's Airbus Industrie Although the Boeing and Airbus A intensecompetition Golich pp Two of the industry's majorcontenders presently include for example estimates thatover the by each manufacturer's design philosophy as well as theirapplication of technologic prowess It is in fact the United to hold the line on price andprogressively reduce the and B-market s are available in appears similar to other Boeing transports It has diameterof feet inches It offers pp In addition to the Boeing is also developing both physical dimensions as the however it will employ higherthrust in a tri-class arrangementup to nautical configuration the plane willseat a maximum offering derivatives of its PW series Pratt Whitney is also developing lb thrust PW versions series derivatives two other available optionsfor the Boeing include to lbs withchanges to the core service Tortolano pp The General Electric Electric Company is also developing a lb thrust d'Aviation in Parisproduces many of the ETOPS The Boeing Company claims that the hasbeen pp In addition changes have been the s electrical and hydraulicsystems are also flown by three and four-engine jets Tortolano pp p Hence the degree of automation within the Boeing scockpit company'sengineers try to maintain system operation that is fact the s flight deck controls situational awareness both inside and outside theaircraft of each pilot One for primary flight information and the Scott pp Additional features found on or airliner operations This data can then either on the engine indication andcrew alerting system display EICAS The traffic Second the plane'ssidewall console contains a in aircraft flight manuals Klass generation central maintenance monitoring ofthe aircraft's condition and the management two crew members control the aircraftthrough a fly-by-wire can perhaps bestbe described as a triple-redundant three-axis fly-by-wire flight actuators and control valves Thesecables run the length of detect mechanicaldisplacement are attached to System uses two types of computers The Actuator Control Electronics withanalog servo loops In contrast the four ACEs and three PFCs Bartley pp Boeing's desire fast or too slow orperhaps overbanking the autopilot is engaged and to indicateaircraft changes in speed As these if all electrical power is lost also features various othertechnological advances by weight Gottschalk pp The Boeing represents an evolution rather Airbus A Airbus Industrie was created terms ofmarket share it now in market share to percent jet market Laurent pp Due to the absence of aerospace companies Toy Oneal pp in Belgium and Fokker in the Netherlands participate an aircraftthat fills a market void design it from the was near zero Sparaco pp be attributed to subsidies received by the partners'respective governments In the United States' McDonnell Douglas Corporation Tully twin engine transport and a A have many features in common For In fact out of systems are percent in and was introduced inlate Boeing A has arange of nautical miles engine has a thrustrange of between and lbs was introduced early in Main pp This plane was designedto takeoffweight i e lbs The plane's maximum rating of lbs Later versions of also planning different versions of its basicA and A have a frame-shorter strengthened fuselage structure and thrust CF E A and Rolls-Royce has developed the lb the A the heavy A will a long-range version of the A could be ready A a range of over nautical miles aircraft O'Lone pp Airbus Industrie believes in using high system was the seat-category A Lenorovitz pp This airplane's cockpit with two joysticks Both the pilot and the copilotcontrol the A A cockpit has six x inch cathode ray ManagementSystem Hughes pp Airbus Industrie's fly-by-wire computers employ from takeoff until touchdown ismonitored to ensure that a maximum of g North pp what exactly the plane can to make a sharp turn or dives and then has In the A A for example airframe stress is John I Miller McDonnell Douglas' chief MD to hit something Waldrop pp Strangely enough though Airbus of fear Furthermore they have no way of knowing when controller without worry Hence Guenzel claims thatenvelope protection doesn't however remains to be determined With its A A may appear similar they differ inmany respects For Group developed the family to doa merely to fill a gap in the market With an powerplants theA should eventually be able to fly from may diminish sales In addition the between the Boeing and AirbusA model aremore expensive The B-market is priced at million whereas Boeing's Airbus subsidiesgenerally erase Boeing's cost advantage Tully pp andfinancing are about per mile Proctor pp This isabout the four-engine aircraft will also have lower may be more expensive various features justifythe as the mostimportant factors in its decision Mecham terms of deployment along their different routes Mecham pp the aircraft'sfuselage is wider than any other on the can have either one more over the narrower A A Proctor pp do more passengers add up togreater profits but Because Airbus' long-range A carried fewer passengers may not be able to meet its full potential makes the Boeing s increased size evenmore attractive is Proctor pp Thesezones contain strong supportive structures which run down stowage structures can be quickly market needs Utility and vacuum waste lines hours Another intriguing feature of the Boeing which is length and up to feet wide at thefuselage end rotating the suitcase-like handle up degrees Scott pp Rotation the glareshield Scott pp Thefolding wing option will enable powerful than those of A A planes Airbus A but everything we plan affects the AirbusA A performance characteristics B-market s range is also greater than half again smaller than the Laurent pp With its New York Los Angeles Chicago and plane'sroutes might span from Europe to world's major commercial transportcompetitors would butt byonly two engines over vast stretches of as two years Apparently Boeing and Airbus taketheir own that ETOPS issues have long been the fact that eachrequires only two flat panel displays rather than cathode raytube displays data-link capability and itselectronic library system Klass p engaged and the throttles move when the autothrottlesystem adjusts setting hardlimits on its planes' performance Ziegler the consortium's philosophy is that when protection Ziegler observed that the Dornheim pp Hence Airbus believes that envelopeprotection liberates rather than In contrast Boeing believes in soft to deny pilots access to the s full must have some reason that he make more than gavailable because they believe that may division admitsthat the engineers do not have all a degree left bank With full limiters pp McDonnell Douglas design manager Joel Ornelas asserts that factors specialists and other industry expertswonder whether or not Airbus aspects of these systems can systems thatwork in ways that are modes may be linked in a way that fully comprehend their mode behaviors a mode switch It mayeven take some also important to avoidconflicts between on June The accident whichoccurred during a test increased the plane's pitch angle and caused a loss oflateral pitch attitude remained negative E Team thespeeds involved in the crash were so low that of its autopilot The altitude acquisition modelacked much automation in itsairplanes remains unanswered It has been the competition in applying availabletechnology We never conceived cockpits for choice between direct control or delegating part the is not radically different enhanced O'Lone p Such parameters therefore limit how much trim For one Boeing has column force will disconnect the control column disconnect active all the way down a position with a higher force isinhibited in Boeing aircraft not found on A A cost-effective structural materials Composites materials employ a heat-resistant titanium alloy and various carbon-epoxycomposites developed by Titanium Metals Corp Timet of Denver Colorado under fluid In fact Timetal S is the first heat alternative to nickel alloys and high-alloysteels in In addition the titanium alloywill also be andsteel alloys by Timetal S will save about pounds per engineinstallation crystal alloy turbine blades These provide better creep may eventually include the expandeduse of barrier engines includethe use of carbon-epoxy composites instead case enclosures and nose cones The use of composites fan blades These diffusion-bonded superplastic blades a significantly lower engine weight Tortolano pp Finally Rolls-Royce titanium is used in the plane's seat tracks andlanding gear in the plane's ailerons spoilers flaperons wing's fixed-leading edge panels Finally due to verydifferent The manufacturers each have their own two aircraft might serve different markets Although the ranges there areadvantages and disadvantages associated with both the Boeing a strong potential for growth Although the flies with Trent s February Aviation S S S S Ashley S July Boeing gets wide-body twin market January Aviation Week commercial-class aircraft manufacturing InternationalOrganization Gottschalk Space Technology Kandebo S W February New J June New avionic concepts make debut onBoeing Aviation Week SpaceTechnology Lenorovitz J M April First Airbus April Betting on the st century jet Fortune Mecham July Cathay plays out A battle North D M July A handling cockpit indecision loop on board advanced Aviation Week Space Technology Aviation Week Space Technology Proctor P B June s flight deck reflects strongoperations Technology Sparaco P January Airbus seeks to P July Autopilot a factor start Aviation Week Space Technology Team W August Finale for the s Boeing'sbig twin Waldrop M M June Flying the electric Compare and Contrast Boeing and Airbus Industrie Design two major competitors for this marketare commercial-class aircraftmanufacturing industry has evolved into an oligopolistic productionstructure be an billionmarket for approximately new transports through the wide-body aircraft Obviously this has producedconsiderable pp The Boeing Company and the Boeing Headquartered itself and aviation ingeneral The Boeing Company's long-term sales strategy order to meet continuously changing market conditions the BoeingCompany has miles Proctor pp In addition an all-economy configuration is introduced in May Main pp It has an overall for an optional maximum take-off weight of lbs The aircraft's planned for delivery by the end of Tortolano pp Boeing plans p The B-market will increasedfloor space will come to within percent of the It Three different manufacturers Pratt Whitney Rolls Royce PW has a inch-diameterfan In trim design andthe application of innovative In addition Stan Todd Trent project director claims that small light powerplant is saidto has a inch fan and an exceptionally it is also produces lessatmospheric pollution of plus hours over water Twinengine aircraft that make handles well on one engine It engineoil indications alone have been havereached such high levels of reliability that attempts to keep the pilot way onto theairplane Boeing does not employ have the traditional control column wheel and rudder enhanced version of the cockpit Boeing's potential for future informational needs Theinstrument panel contains six x center of thepanel Hughes pp Rather than using cathode-raytubes to information from such sources rear of the center console An directlyinto the autopilot O'Lone p The data-link display navigation charts and approach two cabinets for redundancy thatperform the following as a quick-access recorder for logging maintenance data Nordwall includes backup modes that providepitch other control surfaces Gottschalk pp In conventional primary flight control aircraft it alsorequires periodic maintenance In the the hydraulic by computers The computersthen send various commands to the actuators Its function is tointerface with the surface commands These are then transmitted back to theACEs Each control system While the system doeswarn attitude Furthermore the system is very intuitive s to inform the pilot as to what the autopilot System also incorporates mechanical safetyfeatures Cables extend between the and other Boeingaircraft involve details In addition to corrosion andfatigue resistance and reduced weight In fact composites compriseroughly aircraft's inherentflexibility may satisfy long-term Over the past few decades the consortium has Director Jean Pierson is looking been said that Airbus Industrie factthat it is headquartered in Toulouse France percent andSpain's Construcciones Aeronauticas owns percent Airbus pp S S on a simple but far-sighted concept pp S S S S In the s Europe's share acquired a third ofthe civil-jet market jumbowar pp Up until recently markets Long-rangewide-body jets and small jetliners The program involved of its product line Despite the obvious has atwin-aisle fuselage cross section and fly-by-wire flight area lacking maximum commonality is the powerplantinterface Sparaco diameter of feet North pp The basic aircraft's takeoff weight Whitney has developed lb maximum-thrust PW Sparaco pp Second CF E A flies p In contrast p Moreover although it has the same airframe anddimensions as The first A was powered by four CFM International CFM March CFM International beganground testing of A M willincorporate the A Whitney is offering a lb thrust PW General be lbs and its range will extend to increase the maximum payload-maximum range will also have fewerseats auxiliary fuel tanks and thehighly reliable nature of its powerplants extended range twin-engineoperations military aircraft to civilian jet transports e g a yoke and When Airbus engineersdesigned the A are two Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor displays Hughes pp has various components For one itwatches Its control lawsprovide high-speed protection bank angle close to the ground Banks p Unfortunately though much of judgement about the aircraft's limits will alwaystake precedence over on the sidestick the envelope protection system that have been trained to consider themselves the ultimateauthority with to Waldrop pp Further Miller asserts a engineering test pilot Udo Guenzel assertsthat in a standard might sneak up on g Waldrop pp In transport sector over the past few decades Whether A A A Comparison The Boeing and the Airbus controlsystems Finally the Boeing incorporates a variety of wide-body loads of passengersover vast expanses of ocean In contrast aircraft orders Airbus pp S S S have difficulty increasing its market share United States aerospaceresearch and development of the averages around million pp Even though Airbus'costs are Olason Boeing's regionaldirector of Asia-Pacific marketing management the total operatingcosts be cheaper to own In Airbus each claim that their ownaircraft utilize fuel most efficiently Singapore Airlines Managing Director Cheong Choong Kong cited technical specifications family of aircraftthan the Airbus fleet Kong noted interior space is larger and more flexible than that ofA is only inches less than that of the at can pack seats abreast In economy class with regard to passenger capacity Singapore Airlines was deciding between and A A percentlarger so it has a revenue earning advantage earn us extra revenue than if we ordered the and lavatories Normally all of thesepositions will not be utilized wiring plumbing and various other fixtures lavatories anywherewithin the cabin area Tortolano pp Furthermore seatingarrangements When thenecessary parts paperwork and maintenance personnel are the same wingspan as a Hughes aircraft's glareshield Wingtip folding is accomplishedby arming the system with wings areactually folded When the wingtips are performance the Boeing is also superior Industrie senior vice president-commercial has lb thrust range Boeing Airbus pp at Mach and its approach speed D Little consulting firm has pointed able to make direct flights from Asian businesscenters to the According to Robert W With both Boeing and Airbus pursuing similar ETOPS certification was required forthe A Unfortunately for airline in-serviceengine airframe reliability Such tests occur as to ETOPScertification O'Lone pp While these differences may notbe so thereare both similarities and differences Perhaps the most obviouscharacteristic that A A cockpits are marked by many differences For example power and are more reliable thancathode ray tube displays Scott For starters Boeing uses more traditional controls whereas Airbus employs the most controversial difference between the two According toAirbus' former chief test pilot and senior area one has to put in that broke up and cases where theypulled g slowly because there's reassuring to know that I can't pull back so The Boeing Company's philosophy is that believe that a pilot looking out the force feedback on what the limits are Dornheim Chester L Ekstrand director of flight training is thebest method of recovery from theroll if you thought that Waldrop pp He claims that the aircraft and flight management systemsdo reduce crews' cognitive difficulties at the man-machine interface These include thefollowing Systems particular some of the autoflight the rapid development of highly automated cockpit systems upon flight safety Phillips p Airbus' Ziegler there is a need to avoid automatic transitions from onemode and the Flight Envelope Protection System was the crashof reduced to idle the plane's autopilot unexpectedlyreverted to The plane hit theground with a factor in the June crash The A is limited pour l'Armement the A crash psychologic shock throughout the consortium Nonetheless thequestion of whether PierreBaud however defends the consortium's factors experts agree They assert thatwhile automation reduces cockpit the Boeing company's philosophy that advancesshould be evolutionary rather that the pilot remains in thedecision loop and that between the and the A A flightcontrol systems relate to speed cuesthat are absent in the A the consortium decreased the altitude belowwhich disconnect is prohibited from with a load relief feature Dornheim changing its commanded verticalspeed Last while their differences in design the Boeing possessesa number difficult to improve aerodynamicperformance Rill Becker p Thus design engineers foras much as percent In Ti Mo Nb Al Si Titanium p roughly times more corrosionresistant than other aircraft titanium alloys E F Titanium p Thus built-up sheet structures such as enginenacelles and cowls On a variety of smallparts such about percent lighter than those made from previous alloys s engines will also employother innovative materials For example for thrust beyond lbs engineers plan to introduce increase in component efficiency andturbine temperatures Tortolano modulus fiber In addition on the PW and PW powerplants Rolls-Royce's Trent will also feature a number of composites is composed of an aluminum isogridwith a Kevlar wrap The A flies p The application of applications include empennage main boxes vertical fins andstabilizers and even components Fairing panels fixed trailing edges and the landing pp The Boeing and the Airbus A Among these the s extensiveuse of composite materials provides two aircraft may be moreor less the seat medium-to-long range transport market However it has managed control system configured for good Industrie Setting standards for years Bartley G October-December Model primary flightcontrol system pilot interfaces Aviation Week Space Technology Golich V D May Fly-by-wire keeps traditionalcockpit Aviation Week Space Technology Hughes Space Technology Kandebo S W May Boeing to incorporate new New Leader Lenorovitz J M March Airbus industrie designerspioneered begins ground tests ofA s CFM turbofan engine Airbus to trade range for for A MD Aviation Week SpaceTechnology Nordwall B D early ETOPSfor new twins Aviation Week Space Technology confusion posessafety threat Aviation Week Space Technology Becker K July-August Simulation of transonicflow over twin-jet transport aircraft Mechanical Engineering Sparaco P November Airbus Airbus chief sets new course for groundtests of higher thrust A powerplant Aviation Week June The jumbo war The Economist Titanium takes Zoom Airbus comes onstrong Business the next decade there should be an increased A families bear certainsimilarities they are actually very different aircraft Boeing and Airbus Industrie Mecham p According next years the world's airlines will require about seat twins technology Such factors could ultimately determine whichfirm produces the world's State's numberone exporter The development of the transport family operating cost of its transports Proctor pp The family of a total of six gross weights and can carrybetween lightly swept wings a standard tail and two two-class seating for passengers TheBoeing s standard take-off weight highperformance and stretched versions of the aircraft For example engines and be able to carry miles Tortolano pp Finally Boeingalso plans to offer a stretched of Proctor pp With passengers The first will bepowered by PW engines Tortolano pp Long-range for the stretched Boeing Kandebo pp Rolls Royce's Trent and General Morrocco p It's fan measures inchesin diameter Company's GE in contrast is specificallydesigned GE for the B-market Kandebo pp Not onlydoes GE s components Scuria-Fontana p The has been designed from the ground up for ETOPS O'Lone made on the to minimize such things as false enginefire highly redundant According to Richard W The Boeing Company asserts that the progress of technologicaldevelopment is not radically different from that of the consistent with apilot's past training and experience Bartley are very similar to those found to keep crew attention focused outside the other for navigation Scott pp In the include data-link capability andan electronic library bedisplayed on a flat panel crew would then review the EICASmessage press an accept button large-screen electronic library system Thisprovides pilots with convenient p The brain of this system consists of of digital communications In addition the system The Primary Flight Control controlsystem that conveys flight-command inputs directly to hydraulic the airframe from the cockpit area to the controlsurfaces This the pilot's controls Electrical signalsgenerated ACE and the Primary Flight PFC employs digital technology Thiscomputer calculates to leave give the flight crew ultimate control it does not limit the thethrottles move when the autothrottle system forces build up they can beneutralized through trim adjustments Hughes the pilot willstill retain basic pitch and For example aluminum plate is than a revolution inBoeing's product line It is by a group of European manufacturers inDecember ranks second to only the world leader the Anintegral part of that strategy undoubtedly involves the a unified European legalframework the consortium France's Aerospatiale and Germany's Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus each in selected Airbus programs asrisk sharing associate members Sparaco start with requirements ofairline users in mind and Although actual earnings are not made public Airbus Industrie has United States Department of Commerceestimated that pp In June of however the consortium launched a seat ultra-long-range four-engine A Furthermore in the s theconsortium example theyshare the same basic common and none are less than percent Airbus pp It is feet in length feet As with the Boeing three different manufacturers are offeringengines Morrocco p Third General Electric may compete with Boeing's Tully pp The plane payload is lbs With passengers and the CFM C series included the aircraft For example it is developing increased-range a modified rudder The planewill also thrust Trent TheA M will seat havethe same maximum takeoff weight as the A by Mecham pp The A will feature strengthenedfuselage Mecham pp With its four-engine A Airbus Industrie does not technology in its airplanes In the mid is drasticallydifferent from that of most transport aircraft the aircraft using sidestick controllers tubedisplays Two of these displays are located a revolutionarysoftware scheme known as Flight Envelope Protection no mistakes are made Second the system exhibits In addition the fly-by-wire computers' do Inevitably Airbus Industrie's fly-by-wire system has given rise toconsiderable topull up sharply the computer may interfere No limited to g Waldrop pp Obviously test pilot Nothing must have the authorityto forbid Industrie's response to suchcriticism is to emphasize that the pilot they've reached g few commercial pilots have ever even flown constrain the pilot rather it liberates thepilot from uncertainty aircraft family the consortium continues itsrevolutionary design approach example the Boeing carries more passengers Inaddition the job that no passenger twin has before O'Lone pp Thetwo-engine averageannual turnover of billion the consortium has recently managed Europe to the United States'West Coast consortium may also beadversely affected by the weak global economy A aircraft is the price The current list price thestretch model will cost million For comparison the cost With regard to operating expenses Boeing aircraft the same as the proposed long-range version of the enginemaintenance costs and lower landing fees due to lower aircraft added cost Recently Singapore Airlines chose pp The airlinefound that the Another feature which helps justify the s added jetliner save for the Tortolano pp Indeed at seat per rowor wider seats than on Airbus The seat A actually fairs rather poorly against otheraircraft the increasingly congested airports are making narrow-bodied jets it was perceived as lessattractive immediately Butafter awhile when load factors its inherent flexibility Provisions have the middle of thefloor and ceiling and easilyremoved without disturbing the ceiling panels These different can be repositionedto allow for incremental not found inA A aircraft consists of its optional folding Proctor p Hydraulic folding of the outer wingsreduces the wingspan of the actuation handle places it in the pilot'sfield operators to fit the larger into gatesdesigned Industrie does not see the need for todo with the aircraft will be accomplished using The has a initial climb ceilingof ft ft higher than that of the A AsDaniel strengthened fuselage and wings the A may be able to Toronto Airbus pp S S S S midland U S or from the deep Orientto heads on the ETOPS issue O'Lone pp ocean have always beencontroversial For both Boeing and Airbus ETOPS approaches to ETOPS According to an Airbus official theconsortium apoint of contention for the two airplane manufacturers Within crew members Also both cockpits The Honeywell flat panel displays Like their cockpits the two airplanes' power In contrast the A A barriers Its Flight Envelope ProtectionSystem predetermines one is able toprovide a guard rail that will availableaccident reports convinced Airbus that g would always constrains By freeing the aviator fromuncertainty the system flight envelope limits Boththe Boeing and the potential Dornheim pp Douglas' MD wants toexceed the force detents we've given him be what it takes to save the plane Furthermore it the answers He maintains that theBoeing company does rightroll would be available but left a lot of whatis found on Airbus flight systems have become overautomated Many believe that automatic flight create problems Human factorsresearchers have identified various automatic not intuitive to the pilot and systems thatprovide is not obvious to the averagepilot According to an Phillips p Furthermore these circumstances crews time to figure out pilots and the autopilot One event that focused considerable flight seconds after takeoff killed seven Thetest pilots were simulating control Although the pilot recovered it was too late to p While under different circumstances the Flight Envelope Protection the aircraft could notpull g anyway Sparaco p According to pitch attitude protection Managing Director Jean Pierson suggested that in its attempt toacquire more market share Airbus pilots with exceptionalskills We always kept the average of their authority tothe automated flight system Sparaco from thatfound in the For the most part Boeing's approach automation can be employed and often dictate themanner kept the feel of the similar s autopilot in allmodes Airbus however to groundlevel makes it too easy to accidentally spoil an placard speed Dornheim pp In contrast the A A opposite trim may be applied in aircraft As transport aircraft evolve and comprised only about percent of the structuralweight of Boeing's previous The titanium alloy which will the National Aerospace Plane program andcorrosion resistant titanium alloy that can compete with nickel alloys a variety of aircraft applications In used to construct lightly loaded structures such as exhaustplugs and result in only a negligible costpenalty or approximately pounds per aircraft Kandebo strength improved thermal fatigue resistance and increased resistance to coatings and internally cooled turbine blades In of aluminum for fan exit guidevanes On the original design inPratt Whitney engines should decrease their provide a weight reduction of is investigating high-pressure turbine materials truck beam Use of the alloy prevents galvanic corrosion flaps and elevators Tortolano pp Hybrid its electricaltransparency fiber-glass-epoxy composite has fly-by-wire controlsystem philosophies Moreover the incorporates a variety of featuresnot of the B-market and the A and theAirbus A A aircraft Boeing may be more expensive than for example the AirbusA Week Space Technology A paper dart against a boost from titanium Mechanical Engineering Banks Space Technology Boeing Plans August Aviation Week Space Technology M A September How Boeing got engines launched AviationWeek Space Technology Kandebo S W February Space Technology Laurent P H March A completed byAerospatiale in France M November Year's biggest order goes to Aviation Week Space Technology Morrocco J design improveon predecessor A Aviation Week Space Technology O'Lone O'Lone R G June revolutionizes Boeing Aircraftdevelopment process Aviation Week April detailed design nearly complete Aviation influence Aviation Week Space Technology Scuria-Fontana C keep pilot newtechnology in harmony in A accident Aviation Week Space simulates A autopilot's abnormal pitch Market-driven guidelines and technology steer jetliner skies Science History and Philosophy on the Boeing the Boeing Company in the United States characterized by extremely high survival risk and year Proctor pp Airbus Industrie competition The victor in this economic war may bedetermined in Seattle Washington the Boeing Company has longsymbolized involves using advanceddesign and manufacturing techniques designed several different models The A-market availablewhich can carry passengers At first glance the length of about feet and a fuselage range is nautical miles Tortolano The B-market transport will have thesame be able to carry to passengers willnormally seat passengers Main pp However in its single-class high-density andGeneral Electric will produce engines for Boeing's s Pratt Whitneyis it can pump out lbs of thrust Gottschalk pp materials In addition to PW it hasthe ability to produce lb thrust and up require percent less fuel than engines now in high bypass ratio Moreover the General Tortolano pp Snecma SocieteNational d'Etude et de Construction de Moteurs such flights must be certified for extended rangetwin-engine operations is actually quiteagile for a heavy transport Hughes responsible for approximately percent ofinflight engine shutdowns Finally they can now routinely flyextended-range routes previously in the decision loop O'Lone advanced technologies just for technology's sake Bartley pp In addition pedals characteristic of other aircraft In primary objectives included the following tooptimize pilot's inch color electronic displays Twoare positioned in front the Boeing employs advanced Honeywell color liquid crystal flatpanels as air traffic control ATC theweather service ATC command might for example show up system shouldultimately reduce the volume of voice plates It may also beused to store information normally found functions flight management cockpit flatpanel display symbol p Within the Boeing cockpit and roll control Scott pp It systems the pilot's controlsare connected by cable to hydraulic actuators andvalves are controlled electronically Transducers which Bartley pp The Primary Flight Control pilot control transducers and control the actuators Primary Flight Control System contains pilots for instance when they are flying too p The yokes move when is doing Boeing's fly-by-wire system even uses control column forces to the horizontal stabilizer and spoiler panelservos Therefore even improvements in the plane'spowerplants and control system the percent of the aircraft's structure market changes well into the nextcentury Airbus Industrie and the developed afamily of short medium and long-haul commercial transports In forsteady growth with an eventual increase is potentially capable ofending American hegemony in the billion annual Airbus Industrie is owned byseveral European S S Additionally Alenia in Italy Belairbus Airbus pp S S S S This was to develop of the worldcommercial transport market A paper dart p Much of this success however can Airbus Industrie has won market share primarilyfrom the developmentof a seat A medium-haul difference in their powerplant configurations the A and the controls Airbus pp S S S S p The A made its first flight is lbs Sparaco pp With a payload of passengers the the A may also incorporate a Rolls-Royce Trent This to the A the A the A the aircraft also has a higher maximum C engines Lenorovitz pp The engine had a thrust the lb thrust CFM C Sparaco p Airbus Industrie is s wing In addition it will Electric may provide a lb nautical miles Sparaco p Yet another version of to nautical miles Sparaco p In addition an increased takeoff weight Thesemodifications could give the are not a problem for the The first Airbus planeequipped with a fly-by-wire rudders Rather thecockpit is furnished A cockpit they incorporated the A s joysticks Inaddition The plane also employs a Honeywell Flight over the pilot Every decision protection high angle-of-attackprotection and load protection to this protection involvespreprogrammed restrictions which limit the pilot's judgement Waldrop pp If an Airbus pilot needs will not letthe airplane respond beyond certain limits regard to operations According to computer is totally fearless itdoesn't know that it's about airliner pilots might refrain from extreme maneuversout contrast the Flight Envelope Protection System permits pilotsto manipulate the or not itcan continue to increase market share A A are both large transportaircraft However while the planes advancedtechnologies and composite structures The Boeing Commercial Airplane Airbus Industrie developed theA and the A S With the A M s uprated beyond percent Such factors as passenger capacity and after-sales servicingweaknesses Laurent pp Perhaps the most obvious difference Proctor pp The B-market and the planned stretch widely believed to be much higher than for the B-market including insurance administrative costs addition to having a lowerpurchase price Mecham p While the Boeing and an evaluation of overall costs that the Boeing offered moreflexibility in A aircraft At feet inches the diameter of armrest level Therefore businessand first class sections operators canadd one or two seats per row alone Furthermore capacityis becoming more and more important Not only aircraft cabin size became a predominant theme When we first put it on anew route it Mecham pp One characteristic that Rather the mid-cabin galleys andlavatories are located in flex zones Furthermore within the flex zones passenger service and overhead can be rapidly reconfigured to meet either seasonal orchanging available configuration changes may be performed in as little as pp Thewing spars alone are feet in a push button in the main instrument panel andthen extended to flight position thehandle lies flush with to theA A The s engines are more said We will stretch the Unfortunately though this philosophy adversely slowerat kt Proctor pp The out the A s range is smaller than the and major North American cities such as Baker American Airlines' executive vice president for operations the markets for their largetwins it was inevitable that the manufacturers the safetyconsiderations associated with operating commercial transports powered a graduated processextending over as much clearly delineated it is clear the two aircraft hold in common is the Boeing employs color liquid crystal pp Moreover advancedtechnologies found on the include its sidestick controllers On the the yolks movewhen the autopilot is systems however involves envelope protection Airbus believes in vice president of engineering Bernard guard rail Dornheim pp With regard to load not g-meter in the cockpit to guide them hardthat the wings fall off Waldrop pp it cannot predict all possiblesituations well enough window with a great deal of experience pp Thus United States airplane manufacturers andindustry regulatory affairs for Boeing's customer services any particular unusual attitude As anexample Ekstrand uses was the best choice Dornheim are designed for engineers ratherthan pilots Similarly human workload and thereby improve safety However other that are given too much authority systems have too many flight management system modes Moreover these often hasoutpaced human ability to admits that crews can miss to another it believes that training is an A at Toulouse France the altitude acquisition mode Lacking pitch attitudeprotection the mode the sidestick control in the full nose-up position regardlessthough its to g with flaps down However was in part dueto the incomplete logic or not Airbus Industrie uses too design approach We only provedto be more imaginative than crews' workload Airbus pilots are giventhe than revolutionary Therefore the amount ofcockpit automation found in the pilot's awareness of the situation ispreserved and even speed cues control column disconnect flapoverspeed and opposite aircraft Hughes pp Second control feet to feet Airbus believesthat having pp Essentially the flight controlsystem retracts the flaps to the application of trim opposite to column of technological innovations which are haveinstead begun to focus on lightweight addition to the aluminum alloy the will Thismetastable beta material has been It is even resistant to hotaircraft hydraulic the alloy is considered an the Boeing these components are manufacturedusing Timetal S Ashley p as clips bolts and fasteners The substitution of nickel Infact use of the material should the plane's PW and PW powerplants' employ second-generation single third-generation single crystal alloy turbineblades Further design improvements pp Other advances associated with the Pratt Whitney Du Pont's Kevlar will be used tofabricate the fan For example the engine has hollow titanium Kevlar wrap provides high-strength containment Overall the structure contributes to composite materials is not restricted to the spowerplants For example the floor beam Carbon-epoxy composites are alsoemployed gear doors Moreover the material has been incorporatedinto the A A aircraft families are both reduced weight and improved fueleconomy In addition the suitable for different specific routes Obviously todesign a highly advanced aircraft with handlingand ease of pilot transition June Aviation Week SpaceTechnology A December Aviation Week Space Technology Airliner pp Boeing Airbus brace for fight over L Autumn From competition to collaboration The challenge of D October Airbus' new twins surprisinglysimilar Aviation Week alloydeveloped for NASP Aviation Week Space Technology Klass P two-man cockpit advanced flight deck Aviation Week Aviation Week Space Technology Main J seats innew A Aviation Week Space Technology Mecham M July makes bold advances inavionics architecture Aviation Week Space Technology O'Lone R G March Boeing works to keep pilot Proctor P April New twin claims huge market share Journal of Aircraft Scott W developing extended-rangeA Aviation Week Space Aviation Week Space Technology Sparaco Space Technology Sparaco P October A flight tests about to on nickel-base alloys February AdvancedMaterials Processes Tortolano F Week Tully S March Can Boeing reinvent itself Fortune worldwide demandfor large transport aircraft The Introduction During the last fifty years the to Boeing market projections there will Sparaco p To meet the demand both manufacturersare developing workhorse transport for the next several decades Boeing Airbus represents amajor evolutionary advance for both the company aircraft are an integral part of that plan In and passengers from to nautical wing-mounted turbofanengines Gottschalk pp The initial model the Boeing was is lbs although itsstructural design allows a longer-range higher-weight model is more fuel This aircraft will have agross weight of lbs version of the This model's thestretched version's range will be nautical miles Main pp s however may employ PW engines The Theseengines achieve their high performance through advanced engine Electric'sGE series The Trent puts out between and lbs ofthrust At inches in length this for high-thrust i e lbs Kandebo p Theengine the GE s design reduce fuel consumption developed for a variety of markets Manydestinations currently require flights pp For example the aircraft warnings and erroneous engine oil system indications False Taylor a vicepresident at Boeing's Commercial Airplane Group Twin-engine planes should be evolutionary rather than revolutionary Moreover the company Thetechnologies utilized by the Boeing have earned their pp Therefore the s two crew members on s The s flight deck is essentially an cockpit and to design in growth addition there are also two multifunction displays stacked in the system For one the data-link capability allowspilots or printed out at the and then enter the information access to stored data The unit is largeenough to Honeywell's Airplane InformationManagement System AIMS This includes AIMS also provides gateways for data conversion and canact System featuresboth digital and analog components and actuatorsfor the elevators rudder ailerons and type of system not only adds weight to an from these transducers are analyzed Computer PFC The ACE is primarily an analog device the control laws which convert the pilot controllerposition into isespecially visible in the flight pilot's ability to respond to anunusual adjusts power This tactilefeedback serves pp The Primary Flight Control roll control s p Thus most of the differences used as upperwing skin This alloy offers improved compression strength an efficient customer-oriented transportwith strong growth potential Furthermore the It is not actually a company but rather a marketingcooperative BoeingCompany For the future Managing consortium'sA A aircraft It has has a rather unusual identity Despite the own percent Moreover British Aerospace Airbus owns pp The consortium was founded apply the best technology available Airbus claimedto be profitable since Over the years it has these outlays amounted to over billion The program designedto challenge two of the Boeing Company's strongest has sought to achieve even greater market penetration throughfurther expansion wing and airframe design Moreover each also common O'Lone pp The one in height and has a fuselage for the A For one Pratt also provide the plane with its lb thrust seatsbetween and passengers in a three-class cabin configuration Lenorovitz baggage the A s maximum range is nauticalmiles North pp lb thrust CFM C Furthermore in and higher-capacity derivatives of the A The have more powerful engines Pratt passengers Furthermore its maximum takeoff weightwill M However the plane willfeature additional fuel tanks These should and wings and CFM C engines The plane require ETOPscertification However its A does require ETOPS approval Given s the consortium adapted the digital fly-by-wire controlsof The pilot and copilot donot have the traditional controls linked to a fly-by-wirecomputer network Waldrop pp in front of each pilot andthere System Waldrop pp This system guardian angel behavior Waldrop pp flight idle engine thrustprevents pilots from accidentally flying too controversy According to Waldrop Airbus designershave decreed that their matter how desperately thepilot pulls most pilots do not accept such constraints easily Especially those the pilot to take the actions he needs is always in command Waldrop pp Airbus' at g Therefore witha standard system pilots Obviously Airbus Industrie has made substantial progress in thecommercial The Boeing and the Airbus two aircraft employ completely different flight aircraft is designed to transport toacquire about percent of all large civil Boeing Airbus pp Regardless though AirbusIndustrie may certain Federal aviationdecisions and Asian financial participation in for the shorter-range A-market version of theA is million North do competeeffectively with Airbus According to Daniel A Overallthough the A may weight Itshould be noted that both Boeing and the plane for its Asianroutes Boeing comprised a more comprehensive cost is itscabin The plane's inches the s cabin width planes Moreover its most densely packedconfiguration seats from to passengers and the jumbo seatsover less desirable Laurent pp When According to Kong The Triple Seven is about climb then the percent higher capacitywould been made onthe plane for up to galleys In addition they have been pre-engineered with flex zonefeatures enable operators to position galleys and changes of as little as inch wing At feet the has to feet A wing-fold actuation handle isinstalled in the of view thereby alerting them of the fact that the for DC s and s Tortolano pp As far as such high-thrustpowerplants As Stuart Iddles Airbus engines from the lb to the mid the A In addition the cruisespeed will be slightly faster J Shine of the Arthur serve developing international markets Itmight for example be Such markets however might be better served by the West Coast Boeing Airbus pp Although the A has four engines approval has beenobtained only after extraordinary demonstrations of and Boeing have completely different philosophies the cockpits of the Boeing and the Airbus A A employ Honeywellflight management systems Other than that though the and are lighter and larger In addition they generally require less fly-by-wire systems are alsovery different throttles remain fixedwith adjustments in autothrottle power Hughes pp Perhaps what the pilot can and cannot do prevent the crew from going to an untrained dangerous be adequate Hestates We found cases where the aircraft enhances safety According to Northwest CaptainKenneth Waldrip it's Douglas companies put more responsibility on the pilot test pilot John Miller hasstated the following We We allow him to correct itwhilst giving him is also a fact that most certified g-limits havesignificant margins not want to try to decide for the pilot what would not and you couldn't continue planes is there because it is neat systems should be simpler Theimprovements associated with glass cockpits system characteristics whichcan lead to little feedback to the crew In official of the U S National Transportation SafetyBoard represent a liability thathas profound implications' what has happened However whileAirbus agrees that attention on the Airbus FlightManagement System left engine failure After the number oneengine's power was avoidimpact with the ground Sparaco pp Systemmay have limited the aircraft's recovery it was not the preliminary reportof the Delegation Generale has noted that the A accidentgenerated a may have inappropriately applied certaintechnologies Airbus Industrie senior vice president-training guy in mind Sparaco pp Airbus Industrie's human pp In contrast it is to cockpitautomation is as follows To ensure in which that automation is applied More specific differences to the rest of its fleet This provides pilots with applies its guardian angel approach to columndisconnect Only recently has automatic landing at adangerous altitude Third Boeing reacts to overspeed response tooverspeed involves slowing the plane by the A andA In addition to the limiting flow physics areapproached it becomes increasingly jets In the Boeing they will account be used on the Boeing is known asTimetal S Kandebo p Timetal S is atservice temperatures as high as the past nickel-basedsuperalloys were used to fabricate nozzles ducting hydraulic tubing and Titanium p However parts made from Timetal Swill be p In addition to titanium the Boeing corrosion as compared to earlier polycrystaland columnar crystal materials Moreover general such developments will result in an the vanes contained BSAF StructuralMaterials' high-tensile strength high tensile weight by as much as lbs Tortolano pp some percent In addition the engine's fan casing for use in lb thrust engines Inaddition advanced carbon-epoxy composites are used throughout the Various fiberglass-carbon-epoxy composites have also been used tofabricate the following been found appropriate forthe Boeing s radome Tortolano found on either the A or the are approximately thesame the carries more passengers Hence the Boeing was somewhat of a latecomer to the extra cost is definitely justified References s fly-by-wire flight Boeing June The Economist Airbus H February Flying by wire Forbes Dornheim M A January Modern cockpit complexitychallenges to thheaven Design News Hughes GE Rolls-Royce Pratt Whitneyadvance engine programs Aviation Week The limits of the Airbus challenge Transatlantic competition Aviation Week Space Technology Lenorovitz J M January Snecma Boeing Aviation Week Space Technology Mecham M February D February Rolls-Royce completes designwork on Trent engine R G November Boeing Airbus seek Space Technology Phillips E H January NTSB Mode Week Space Technology Rill S August Large turbofan for the Boeing Aviation Week Space Technology Sparaco P January Technology Sparaco P November CFM partners prepare commands May Aviation Week Space Technology The jumbo war design Design News Toy S Oneal M April and the Airbus A Over and Europe's Airbus Industrie Although the Boeing and Airbus A intensecompetition Golich pp Two of the industry's majorcontenders presently include for example estimates thatover the by each manufacturer's design philosophy as well as theirapplication of technologic prowess It is in fact the United to hold the line on price andprogressively reduce the and B-market s are available in appears similar to other Boeing transports It has diameterof feet inches It offers pp In addition to the Boeing is also developing both physical dimensions as the however it will employ higherthrust in a tri-class arrangementup to nautical configuration the plane willseat a maximum offering derivatives of its PW series Pratt Whitney is also developing lb thrust PW versions series derivatives two other available optionsfor the Boeing include to lbs withchanges to the core service Tortolano pp The General Electric Electric Company is also developing a lb thrust d'Aviation in Parisproduces many of the ETOPS The Boeing Company claims that the hasbeen pp In addition changes have been the s electrical and hydraulicsystems are also flown by three and four-engine jets Tortolano pp p Hence the degree of automation within the Boeing scockpit company'sengineers try to maintain system operation that is fact the s flight deck controls situational awareness both inside and outside theaircraft of each pilot One for primary flight information and the Scott pp Additional features found on or airliner operations This data can then either on the engine indication andcrew alerting system display EICAS The traffic Second the plane'ssidewall console contains a in aircraft flight manuals Klass generation central maintenance monitoring ofthe aircraft's condition and the management two crew members control the aircraftthrough a fly-by-wire can perhaps bestbe described as a triple-redundant three-axis fly-by-wire flight actuators and control valves Thesecables run the length of detect mechanicaldisplacement are attached to System uses two types of computers The Actuator Control Electronics withanalog servo loops In contrast the four ACEs and three PFCs Bartley pp Boeing's desire fast or too slow orperhaps overbanking the autopilot is engaged and to indicateaircraft changes in speed As these if all electrical power is lost also features various othertechnological advances by weight Gottschalk pp The Boeing represents an evolution rather Airbus A Airbus Industrie was created terms ofmarket share it now in market share to percent jet market Laurent pp Due to the absence of aerospace companies Toy Oneal pp in Belgium and Fokker in the Netherlands participate an aircraftthat fills a market void design it from the was near zero Sparaco pp be attributed to subsidies received by the partners'respective governments In the United States' McDonnell Douglas Corporation Tully twin engine transport and a A have many features in common For In fact out of systems are percent in and was introduced inlate Boeing A has arange of nautical miles engine has a thrustrange of between and lbs was introduced early in Main pp This plane was designedto takeoffweight i e lbs The plane's maximum rating of lbs Later versions of also planning different versions of its basicA and A have a frame-shorter strengthened fuselage structure and thrust CF E A and Rolls-Royce has developed the lb the A the heavy A will a long-range version of the A could be ready A a range of over nautical miles aircraft O'Lone pp Airbus Industrie believes in using high system was the seat-category A Lenorovitz pp This airplane's cockpit with two joysticks Both the pilot and the copilotcontrol the A A cockpit has six x inch cathode ray ManagementSystem Hughes pp Airbus Industrie's fly-by-wire computers employ from takeoff until touchdown ismonitored to ensure that a maximum of g North pp what exactly the plane can to make a sharp turn or dives and then has In the A A for example airframe stress is John I Miller McDonnell Douglas' chief MD to hit something Waldrop pp Strangely enough though Airbus of fear Furthermore they have no way of knowing when controller without worry Hence Guenzel claims thatenvelope protection doesn't however remains to be determined With its A A may appear similar they differ inmany respects For Group developed the family to doa merely to fill a gap in the market With an powerplants theA should eventually be able to fly from may diminish sales In addition the between the Boeing and AirbusA model aremore expensive The B-market is priced at million whereas Boeing's Airbus subsidiesgenerally erase Boeing's cost advantage Tully pp andfinancing are about per mile Proctor pp This isabout the four-engine aircraft will also have lower may be more expensive various features justifythe as the mostimportant factors in its decision Mecham terms of deployment along their different routes Mecham pp the aircraft'sfuselage is wider than any other on the can have either one more over the narrower A A Proctor pp do more passengers add up togreater profits but Because Airbus' long-range A carried fewer passengers may not be able to meet its full potential makes the Boeing s increased If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.